+-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | | Name | Location | Approximate Dates | Cultural Characteristics | Notable Achievements | Reason for Decline | +=====+===============================+===================================+===================================+========================================================+==================================================+==============================================+ | 0 | Maias | Yucatan Peninsula | 2000 BC - 1500 AD | Advanced agriculture, mathematics, and astronomy | Pyramids, writing system | Spanish conquest, climate change | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 1 | Cahokia | Illinois, USA | 600 AD - 1400 AD | Mound-building culture, urban planning | Largest city in pre-Columbian North America | Resource depletion, political strife | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 2 | Atlantis | Location Unknown | Approx. 9600 BC | Advanced technology, immense wealth | Naval power, architecture | Natural disaster, hubris | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 3 | Indus Valley Civilization | Modern Pakistan & Northwest India | 2500 BC - 1900 BC | Urban planning, drainage system | Standardized weights, grid city layout | Possible climate change, invasion | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 4 | Harappan Civilization | Modern Pakistan | 2600 BC - 1900 BC | Agricultural, trade-oriented society | Urban centers, advanced crafts | Environmental changes, decline of trade | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 5 | Cretan Civilization / Minoans | Crete, Greece | 3000 BC - 1400 BC | Maritime culture, art, trade | Palace of Knossos, frescoes | Invasion, volcanic eruption | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 6 | Etruscans | Italy | 800 BC - 100 BC | Metalwork, urbanization, religious customs | Architecture, sculptures | Roman expansion, assimilation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 7 | Norse Greenland | Greenland | 1000 AD - 1500 AD | Viking culture, agriculture | Settlements, trade | Climate change, isolation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 8 | Olmec | Mexico | 1200 BC - 400 BC | Colossal heads, ritual ballgames | Early writing, artistic influence | Social upheaval, environmental changes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 9 | Ancestral Puebloans | Southwestern USA | 100 AD - 1300 AD | Cliff dwellings, kivas | Architectural innovations, irrigation | Drought, resource depletion | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 10 | Sumerians | Mesopotamia (Iraq) | 4500 BC - 1900 BC | Cuneiform writing, city-states | Wheel, mathematics | Invasions, environmental factors | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 11 | Babylonian Civilization | Mesopotamia (Iraq) | 1894 BC - 539 BC | Hammurabi's Code, astronomy | Legal systems, mathematics | Conquered by Persians, internal strife | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 12 | Phoenicians | Eastern Mediterranean | 1500 BC - 300 BC | Maritime trading power, alphabet invention | Trade networks, red dye | Conquests by Persians, Romans | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 13 | Maya | Central America | 2000 BC - 1500 AD | Complex society with city-states | Astronomy, calendars | Warfare, environmental changes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 14 | Chavin | Peru | 900 BC - 200 BC | Religious site, artworks | Ceramic, metallurgy | Social upheaval, environmental factors | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 15 | Tibetan Empire | Tibet | 618 AD - 842 AD | Buddhism, culture, trade | Cultural exchanges, military conquests | Internal conflict, external pressures | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 16 | Great Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe | 1100 AD - 1450 AD | Stone structures, trade | Gold trade, architecture | Economic decline, political instability | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 17 | Aksum | Ethiopia | 100 AD - 940 AD | Christian kingdom, trade | Minting coins, architectural achievements | Trade disruptions, resource depletion | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 18 | Songhai Empire | West Africa | 1430 AD - 1591 AD | Trade, Islam, urban centers | Learning centers, military power | Invasions, internal strife | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 19 | City of Petra | Jordan | 5th century BC - 2nd century AD | Rock-cut architecture, water conduit system | Trade hub, architecture | Destruction, decline of trade | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 20 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern Mediterranean | 330 AD - 1453 AD | Christianity, art, law | Justinian code, architecture | Ottoman conquest, internal strife | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 21 | Khmer Empire | Cambodia | 802 AD - 1431 AD | Hindu and Buddhist influence, architectural innovation | Angkor Wat, water management | Climate changes, invasion | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 22 | Incan Empire | Andes Mountains | 1438 AD - 1533 AD | Advanced agriculture, road systems | Architecture, quipu | Spanish conquest, civil war | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 23 | Teotihuacan | Mexico | 100 BC - 550 AD | Urbanity, pyramids | Pyramid of the Sun, trade | Resource depletion, conflict | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 24 | Chaco Canyon Culture | New Mexico, USA | 650 AD - 1150 AD | Kivas, trade networks | Astronomical alignments, architecture | Drought, resource depletion | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 25 | Mississippian Culture | North America | 800 AD - 1600 AD | Mound-building societies | Cahokia, extensive trade networks | Climate change, European contact | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 26 | Teotihuacan | Mexico | 100 BC - 550 AD | Multi-ethnic urban center | Pyramids, murals | Mysterious decline, possibly conflict | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 27 | Persian Empire | Iran | 550 BC - 330 BC | Largest empire of its time, advanced administration | Royal Road, architectural feats | Conquered by Alexander the Great | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 28 | Roman Empire | Mediterranean | 27 BC - 476 AD | Extensive road systems, law | Architecture, engineering | Barbarian invasions, internal corruption | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 29 | Babylon | Iraq | 1894 BC - 539 BC | Famous for Hanging Gardens, legal systems | Astronomy, mathematics | Fall to Persia, geopolitical changes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 30 | Egyptian Civilization | Egypt | 3100 BC - 30 BC | Pyramids, hieroglyphics | Architecture, mathematics | Roman conquest, economic decline | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 31 | Carthage | Tunisia | 814 BC - 146 BC | Maritime power, trade | Punic Wars, trade networks | Defeated by Rome, destruction | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 32 | Malayan Empire | Southeast Asia | 700 AD - 1500 AD | Maritime trade, Islam influence | Trade networks, cultural diffusion | Colonial pressures, economic changes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 33 | Chola Dynasty | India | 300 BC - 1279 AD | Maritime power, temple architecture | Cultural advancements, trade | Internal conflicts, invasions | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 34 | Urartu | Armenia | 860 BC - 590 BC | Fortifications, metallurgy | Architectural achievements, inscriptions | Conquered by Medes, geopolitical changes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 35 | Numidia | North Africa | Numidian Kingdoms before 46 BC | Formidble cavalry, agriculture | Military tactics, alliances | Roman conquest, internal divisions | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 36 | Zhou Dynasty | China | 1046 BC - 256 BC | Feudal states, Confucius arose | Mandate of Heaven, philosophy | Internal conflict, warfare | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 37 | Muisca Confederation | Colombia | 600 AD - 1600 AD | Confederation of tribes, agriculture | El Dorado legend | Spanish conquest, societal changes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 38 | Nabataean Kingdom | Jordan | 4th century BC - 106 AD | Trade routes, rock-cut architecture | Petra, trading networks | Roman annexation, changing trade routes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 39 | Mississippian Culture | Eastern USA | 800 AD - 1600 AD | Mound builders, agricultural societies | Cahokia, trade networks | European arrival, conflict | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 40 | Rapa Nui (Easter Island) | Easter Island | 300 AD - 1868 AD | Polynesian culture, moai statues | Stonework, navigation | Environmental changes, isolation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 41 | Qin Dynasty | China | 221 BC - 206 BC | First Imperial dynasty, Great Wall | Unified China, centralized state | Internal conflict, succession crisis | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 42 | Kirman Empire | Iran | 600 AD - 800 AD | Cultural confluence and trade | Metallurgy, architecture | Steppe nomadic invasions | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 43 | Macronesian Cultures | Pacific Islands | 1000 BC - ongoing | Maritime trade | Navigational prowess, art | Isolation, European arrival | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 44 | Silla Kingdom | Korea | 57 BC - 935 AD | Buddhism, gold craftsmanship | Buddhist art, cultural achievements | Unification of Korea, invasions | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 45 | Phrygian Kingdom | Turkey | 1200 BC - 700 BC | Independent kingdom, literacy | Mythology, architecture | Conquered by Lydians and Greeks | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 46 | Bactria | Central Asia | 2500 BC - 1200 AD | Cultural exchange, trade | Silk Road contributions | Conquered by various empires | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 47 | Alans | Eurasia | 1 AD - 500 AD | Nomadic pastoralists | Military prowess, trade connections | Conquered by Huns and others | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 48 | Parthian Empire | Iran | 247 BC - 224 AD | Cultural syncretism, Silk Road trade | Empire rivaling Rome | Internal strife, economic decline | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 49 | Seljuk Empire | Middle East | 1037 AD - 1194 AD | Cultural renaissance, trade | Architecture, administration | Fragmentation, Mongol invasions | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 50 | Ottoman Empire | Turkey | 1299 AD - 1922 AD | Multi-ethnic empire, trade | Architecture, administrative systems | World War I, rise of nationalism | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 51 | Shang Dynasty | China | 1600 BC - 1046 BC | Early Chinese writing, bronze casting | Chinese writing system, agriculture | Overthrown by Zhou | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 52 | Zulu Kingdom | South Africa | 1816 AD - 1897 AD | Warrior culture, agricultural society | Military organization, resistance | Colonial pressures, warfare | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 53 | Viking Age Society | Scandinavia | 793 AD - 1066 AD | Seafaring warriors, raiders | Exploration, trade | Christianization, settlement | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 54 | Manchu Qing Dynasty | China | 1644 AD - 1912 AD | Last imperial dynasty, multiethnic | Cultural exchanges, empire | Revolutions, colonialism | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 55 | Welsh Kings and Princes | Wales | 5th century AD - 12th century AD | Celtic culture, local governance | Local wars, culture preservation | English conquest, fragmentation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 56 | Chola Dynasty | India | 300 BC - 1279 AD | Maritime empire, Tamil culture | Temple architecture, trade | Invasions, internal strife | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 57 | Rashidun Caliphate | Middle East | 632 AD - 661 AD | Islamic expansion, administration | Rapid territorial expansion | Succession disputes, internal factions | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 58 | Sassanid Empire | Iran | 224 AD - 651 AD | Cultural renaissance, trade | Art, architecture | Islamic conquest, internal issues | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 59 | Inuit Culture | Arctic regions | 2000 BC to present | Nomadic lifestyle, sustainable practices | Hunting technology, art forms | Climate change, modern pressures | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 60 | Kushite Kingdom | Sudan | 800 BC - 350 AD | Egyptian influence, pyramids | Pyramids of Meroe, trade | Conquered by Aksum, resource depletion | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 61 | Norse settlements in Vinland | North America | 1000 AD - 1500 AD | Viking culture, agriculture | Exploration, crafts | Conflicts with Indigenous populations | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 62 | Ancient Israel | Middle East | 1200 BC - 500 AD | Cultural and religious influence | Hebrew Bible, Judaism | Conquered by empires, diaspora | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 63 | Creek Confederacy | Southern USA | 1700 AD - 1830 AD | Southeastern Native American culture | Fur trade, agriculture | U.S. expansion, forced relocation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 64 | Mesoamerican Cultures | Central America | 1500 BC - 1500 AD | Complex societies, pyramids | Astronomy, calendars | Conquests and diseases | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 65 | Albanian Principalities | Balkans | 12th century AD - 15th century AD | Medieval culture | Resistance against Ottomans | Ottoman conquests, fragmentation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 66 | Uralic Sami Culture | Northern Europe | Prehistoric - ongoing | Nomadic reindeer herding | Cultural resilience, music | Modern pressures, environmental changes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 67 | Bosnian Kingdom | Bosnia | Mid 12th century - 1463 AD | Slavic culture, feudal system | Local governance, cultural flourishing | Ottoman conquest, fragmentation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 68 | Muisca Confederation | Colombia | Pre-Columbian - 16th century AD | Confederation of tribes, agriculture | Goldsmithing, trade | Spanish conquest, colonial impacts | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 69 | Angkor Empire | Cambodia | 802 AD - 1431 AD | Hindu and Buddhist influences | Angkor Wat, advanced irrigation | Climate changes, invasions | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 70 | Sicilian Kingdom | Italy | 1130 AD - 1194 AD | Norman influence, cultural mosaic | Architectural achievements | Hohenstaufen succession crisis, strife | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 71 | Alfonso of Aragon | Mediterranean | 12th century - 15th century | Conqueror, cultural integration | Multiethnic governance | Internal conflicts, power shifts | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 72 | Zapotec Civilization | Oaxaca, Mexico | 700 BC - 1500 AD | Agriculture, city-building | Monte Albán, monumental architecture | Social upheaval, Spanish conquest | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 73 | Frankish Kingdom | Western Europe | 5th century - 9th century | Feudalism, integration of tribes | Charlemagne's empire, legal codes | Fragmentation, invasions | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 74 | Alanic Society | Eurasia | 1st century - 5th century | Nomadic lifestyle, warrior culture | Cultured horsemen | Conquests by competing tribes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 75 | Bermudian Civilizations | Bermuda | 1300 AD - 16th century AD | Colonial settlements, agriculture | Developed agriculture | Loss to European powers, dispossession | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 76 | Hutt River Province | Australia | 1970 - 2020 | Micro-nation, anti-centrism | Self-declared independence | Legal disputes, dissolution efforts | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 77 | Ming Dynasty | China | 1368 AD - 1644 AD | Cultural flourishing, trade | Great Wall reconstruction, voyages of Zheng He | Manchu invasions, internal strife | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 78 | Tang Dynasty | China | 618 AD - 907 AD | Cultural renaissance, Silk Road trade | Expansion, cosmopolitan culture | Revolts, provincial fragmentation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 79 | Achaeans | Greece | 1600 BC - 1100 BC | Mycenaean culture, trade | Linear B writing, early Greek civilization | Dorian invasion, internal strife | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 80 | Mauryan Empire | India | 322 BC - 185 BC | First large empire in India | Ashoka's edicts, trade | Weak successors, internal conflict | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 81 | Gothic Kingdoms | Europe | 300 AD - 700 AD | Warlike tribes, migration | Fall of Western Roman Empire | Fragmentation, invasions | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 82 | Skara Brae | Orkney, Scotland | 3100 BC - 2500 BC | Neolithic village, stone structures | Advanced architecture | Climate change, abandonment | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 83 | Sumer | Mesopotamia (Iraq) | 4500 BC - 1900 BC | City-states, cuneiform writing | First cities, inventions | Invasions, trade decline | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 84 | Celtic Tribes | Europe | 1200 BC - Roman Conquest | Druidic culture, tribal societies | Iron Age, complex societies | Roman conquest, cultural assimilation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 85 | Iberian Peninsula Cultures | Spain/Portugal | Prehistoric - Roman conquest | Diverse tribal cultures | Trade networks with Mediterranean | Roman expansion, internal conflicts | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 86 | Timurid Empire | Central Asia | 1370 AD - 1506 AD | Cultural revival, architecture | Timur's conquests, arts | Fragmentation after Timur's death | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 87 | Armada of Exploration | Various | 16th century - 18th century | Maritime exploration, colonization | Mapping of new regions | Resource depletion, conflicts | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 88 | Denmark Vikings | Scandinavia | 800 AD - 1100 AD | Seafaring raiders and traders | Exploration, settlements | Christianization, cultural change | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 89 | Huns | Eurasia | 4th century - 5th century | Nomadic conquerors | Militarism, migration | Defeated by Germanic tribes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 90 | Slavic Principalities | Eastern Europe | 700 AD - 1200 AD | Cultural blending, feudalism | Cultural diversity, literature | Rise of neighboring powers | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 91 | Mississippian Culture | North America | 800 AD - 1600 AD | Mound-building society | Trade networks, monumental architecture | Resource depletion, contact with Europeans | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 92 | Lombard Kingdom | Italy | 568 AD - 774 AD | Germanic kingdoms, feudal culture | Integration of Roman and Germanic elements | Conquered by Franks, assimilation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 93 | Turkic Khanates | Eurasia | 600 AD - 1200 AD | Nomadic lifestyle, military structure | Cultural exchanges along Silk Road | Mongol invasions, fragmentation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 94 | Yaqui Tribe | Mexico | Pre-Columbian - present | Agricultural societies, resistance | Strong spiritual beliefs, customs | Colonial impacts, modern pressures | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 95 | Brahmin Estates | India | Ancient times - ongoing | Hindu traditions, priestly roles | Religious and cultural preservation | Modern challenges, reforms | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 96 | Unknown West African Kingdoms | West Africa | Pre-colonial times | Diverse tribal cultures, rich traditions | Trade, artistic contributions | Colonial disruptions, resource exploitation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 97 | Peaceful Utterlike Society | Eurasia | 2500 BC - 2000 BC | Largely social structures, self-sufficiency | Cultural resilience, innovation | Displacement, environmental changes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 98 | Lapita Culture | Oceania | 1600 BC - 500 BC | Maritime voyaging, pottery | Cultural foundation of Polynesia | Climate effects, cultural shifts | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 99 | Mi'kmaq Nation | Canada | Precolonial - ongoing | Indigenous governance, sustainable practices | Ecological knowledge, adaptability | Colonial impact, demographic changes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 100 | Cossack Hetmanate | Ukraine | 17th century - 18th century | Military culture, autonomy | Anti-imperialism, cultural legacy | Russian expansion, integration | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 101 | Carolingian Empire | Western Europe | 800 AD - 888 AD | Cultural renaissance, feudalism | Cultural unification under Charlemagne | Fragmentation after Charlemagne | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 102 | Viking Greenlands | Greenland | 800 AD - 1300 AD | Norse cultural heritage, farming | Settlements, seafaring | Climate change, isolation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 103 | Quechua Culture | Peru | Prehistoric - present | Andean civilization, agriculture | Textile arts, agricultural practices | Modern economic challenges | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 104 | Scythian Culture | Eurasia | 800 BC - 200 AD | Nomadic warrior society, horseback riding | Art, trade networks | Pressure from invasions, assimilation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 105 | Ottoman Empire | Turkey | 1299 AD - 1922 AD | Cultural diversity, imperial governance | Architecture, trade | Nationalism, World War I | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 106 | Maori Culture | New Zealand | Polynesian settlement - present | Agricultural and maritime societies | Oral traditions, language preservation | Colonial impact, modern challenges | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 107 | Babylonian Civilization | Mesopotamia (Iraq) | 1894 BC - 539 BC | Significant in early civilization, trade | Hammurabi's Code, ziggurats | Conquered, trade disruptions | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 108 | Fremantle Society | Australia | 1840 - 1900 | Colonial settlement culture | Architectural developments, maritime trade | Displacement, modern shifts | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 109 | Persian Empire | Iran | 550 BC - 330 BC | Largest empire, cultural achievements | Royal Road, Persepolis | Conquests, administrative difficulties | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 110 | Chaco Culture | North America | 850 AD - 1150 AD | Pueblo culture, advanced astronomy | Cultural and trade networks | Climate factors, resource depletion | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 111 | Three Kingdoms of Korea | Korea | 1st century BC - 7th century AD | Cultural exchange, rivalry | Buddhism, military conflict | Unification, external pressures | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 112 | Sevran-Villes | France | Late 20th century | Post-colonial settlements | Diversified communities | Economic pressures, local conflicts | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 113 | Late Neolithic Society | Southeast Asia | 4500 BC - 3000 BC | Gathering and agriculture | Cultural foundations, trade | Rural to urban shifts | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 114 | Fraudulent Decadent Society | Pacific Islands | 19th century | Cultural encounters, colonization | Assimilation of outside cultures | Split identities in modernity | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 115 | Mayapan | Yucatan, Mexico | 1200-1450 AD | Maya city-state | Cultural and trade hub | Political strife, environmental changes | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 116 | Teotihuacan | Mexico | 150 BC - 650 AD | Cosmopolitan society, cultural center | Pyramid of the Sun, urban planning | Internal conflict, resource depletion | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 117 | Ammonite Civilization | Jordan | Prehistoric - 5th century BC | Ancient tribal societies, nomadic | Resistance against empires, trade | Decline through conquest, assimilation | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 118 | Gallienus Feudal Kingdoms | Europe | Post Roman Empire - ongoing | Tribal governance, feudalism | Local powers resisted centralization | Fragmentation, conquest | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 119 | Manchu Qing Dynasty | China | 1644 AD - 1912 AD | Multi-ethnic empire, trade | Silk and porcelain trade, administrative systems | Decline due to revolutions and modernization | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | 120 | Sidama Kingdom | Ethiopia | Pre-20th century | Traditional culture, agriculture | Cultural practices and systems | Colonial pressures, modern influences | +-----+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+