Name	Location	Approximate Dates	Cultural Characteristics	Notable Achievements	Reason for Decline
Maias	Yucatan Peninsula	2000 BC - 1500 AD	Advanced agriculture, mathematics, and astronomy	Pyramids, writing system	Spanish conquest, climate change
Cahokia	Illinois, USA	600 AD - 1400 AD	Mound-building culture, urban planning	Largest city in pre-Columbian North America	Resource depletion, political strife
Atlantis	Location Unknown	Approx. 9600 BC	Advanced technology, immense wealth	Naval power, architecture	Natural disaster, hubris
Indus Valley Civilization	Modern Pakistan & Northwest India	2500 BC - 1900 BC	Urban planning, drainage system	Standardized weights, grid city layout	Possible climate change, invasion
Harappan Civilization	Modern Pakistan	2600 BC - 1900 BC	Agricultural, trade-oriented society	Urban centers, advanced crafts	Environmental changes, decline of trade
Cretan Civilization / Minoans	Crete, Greece	3000 BC - 1400 BC	Maritime culture, art, trade	Palace of Knossos, frescoes	Invasion, volcanic eruption
Etruscans	Italy	800 BC - 100 BC	Metalwork, urbanization, religious customs	Architecture, sculptures	Roman expansion, assimilation
Norse Greenland	Greenland	1000 AD - 1500 AD	Viking culture, agriculture	Settlements, trade	Climate change, isolation
Olmec	Mexico	1200 BC - 400 BC	Colossal heads, ritual ballgames	Early writing, artistic influence	Social upheaval, environmental changes
Ancestral Puebloans	Southwestern USA	100 AD - 1300 AD	Cliff dwellings, kivas	Architectural innovations, irrigation	Drought, resource depletion
Sumerians	Mesopotamia (Iraq)	4500 BC - 1900 BC	Cuneiform writing, city-states	Wheel, mathematics	Invasions, environmental factors
Babylonian Civilization	Mesopotamia (Iraq)	1894 BC - 539 BC	Hammurabi's Code, astronomy	Legal systems, mathematics	Conquered by Persians, internal strife
Phoenicians	Eastern Mediterranean	1500 BC - 300 BC	Maritime trading power, alphabet invention	Trade networks, red dye	Conquests by Persians, Romans
Maya	Central America	2000 BC - 1500 AD	Complex society with city-states	Astronomy, calendars	Warfare, environmental changes
Chavin	Peru	900 BC - 200 BC	Religious site, artworks	Ceramic, metallurgy	Social upheaval, environmental factors
Tibetan Empire	Tibet	618 AD - 842 AD	Buddhism, culture, trade	Cultural exchanges, military conquests	Internal conflict, external pressures
Great Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe	1100 AD - 1450 AD	Stone structures, trade	Gold trade, architecture	Economic decline, political instability
Aksum	Ethiopia	100 AD - 940 AD	Christian kingdom, trade	Minting coins, architectural achievements	Trade disruptions, resource depletion
Songhai Empire	West Africa	1430 AD - 1591 AD	Trade, Islam, urban centers	Learning centers, military power	Invasions, internal strife
City of Petra	Jordan	5th century BC - 2nd century AD	Rock-cut architecture, water conduit system	Trade hub, architecture	Destruction, decline of trade
Byzantine Empire	Eastern Mediterranean	330 AD - 1453 AD	Christianity, art, law	Justinian code, architecture	Ottoman conquest, internal strife
Khmer Empire	Cambodia	802 AD - 1431 AD	Hindu and Buddhist influence, architectural innovation	Angkor Wat, water management	Climate changes, invasion
Incan Empire	Andes Mountains	1438 AD - 1533 AD	Advanced agriculture, road systems	Architecture, quipu	Spanish conquest, civil war
Teotihuacan	Mexico	100 BC - 550 AD	Urbanity, pyramids	Pyramid of the Sun, trade	Resource depletion, conflict
Chaco Canyon Culture	New Mexico, USA	650 AD - 1150 AD	Kivas, trade networks	Astronomical alignments, architecture	Drought, resource depletion
Mississippian Culture	North America	800 AD - 1600 AD	Mound-building societies	Cahokia, extensive trade networks	Climate change, European contact
Teotihuacan	Mexico	100 BC - 550 AD	Multi-ethnic urban center	Pyramids, murals	Mysterious decline, possibly conflict
Persian Empire	Iran	550 BC - 330 BC	Largest empire of its time, advanced administration	Royal Road, architectural feats	Conquered by Alexander the Great
Roman Empire	Mediterranean	27 BC - 476 AD	Extensive road systems, law	Architecture, engineering	Barbarian invasions, internal corruption
Babylon	Iraq	1894 BC - 539 BC	Famous for Hanging Gardens, legal systems	Astronomy, mathematics	Fall to Persia, geopolitical changes
Egyptian Civilization	Egypt	3100 BC - 30 BC	Pyramids, hieroglyphics	Architecture, mathematics	Roman conquest, economic decline
Carthage	Tunisia	814 BC - 146 BC	Maritime power, trade	Punic Wars, trade networks	Defeated by Rome, destruction
Malayan Empire	Southeast Asia	700 AD - 1500 AD	Maritime trade, Islam influence	Trade networks, cultural diffusion	Colonial pressures, economic changes
Chola Dynasty	India	300 BC - 1279 AD	Maritime power, temple architecture	Cultural advancements, trade	Internal conflicts, invasions
Urartu	Armenia	860 BC - 590 BC	Fortifications, metallurgy	Architectural achievements, inscriptions	Conquered by Medes, geopolitical changes
Numidia	North Africa	Numidian Kingdoms before 46 BC	Formidble cavalry, agriculture	Military tactics, alliances	Roman conquest, internal divisions
Zhou Dynasty	China	1046 BC - 256 BC	Feudal states, Confucius arose	Mandate of Heaven, philosophy	Internal conflict, warfare
Muisca Confederation	Colombia	600 AD - 1600 AD	Confederation of tribes, agriculture	El Dorado legend	Spanish conquest, societal changes
Nabataean Kingdom	Jordan	4th century BC - 106 AD	Trade routes, rock-cut architecture	Petra, trading networks	Roman annexation, changing trade routes
Mississippian Culture	Eastern USA	800 AD - 1600 AD	Mound builders, agricultural societies	Cahokia, trade networks	European arrival, conflict
Rapa Nui (Easter Island)	Easter Island	300 AD - 1868 AD	Polynesian culture, moai statues	Stonework, navigation	Environmental changes, isolation
Qin Dynasty	China	221 BC - 206 BC	First Imperial dynasty, Great Wall	Unified China, centralized state	Internal conflict, succession crisis
Kirman Empire	Iran	600 AD - 800 AD	Cultural confluence and trade	Metallurgy, architecture	Steppe nomadic invasions
Macronesian Cultures	Pacific Islands	1000 BC - ongoing	Maritime trade	Navigational prowess, art	Isolation, European arrival
Silla Kingdom	Korea	57 BC - 935 AD	Buddhism, gold craftsmanship	Buddhist art, cultural achievements	Unification of Korea, invasions
Phrygian Kingdom	Turkey	1200 BC - 700 BC	Independent kingdom, literacy	Mythology, architecture	Conquered by Lydians and Greeks
Bactria	Central Asia	2500 BC - 1200 AD	Cultural exchange, trade	Silk Road contributions	Conquered by various empires
Alans	Eurasia	1 AD - 500 AD	Nomadic pastoralists	Military prowess, trade connections	Conquered by Huns and others
Parthian Empire	Iran	247 BC - 224 AD	Cultural syncretism, Silk Road trade	Empire rivaling Rome	Internal strife, economic decline
Seljuk Empire	Middle East	1037 AD - 1194 AD	Cultural renaissance, trade	Architecture, administration	Fragmentation, Mongol invasions
Ottoman Empire	Turkey	1299 AD - 1922 AD	Multi-ethnic empire, trade	Architecture, administrative systems	World War I, rise of nationalism
Shang Dynasty	China	1600 BC - 1046 BC	Early Chinese writing, bronze casting	Chinese writing system, agriculture	Overthrown by Zhou
Zulu Kingdom	South Africa	1816 AD - 1897 AD	Warrior culture, agricultural society	Military organization, resistance	Colonial pressures, warfare
Viking Age Society	Scandinavia	793 AD - 1066 AD	Seafaring warriors, raiders	Exploration, trade	Christianization, settlement
Manchu Qing Dynasty	China	1644 AD - 1912 AD	Last imperial dynasty, multiethnic	Cultural exchanges, empire	Revolutions, colonialism
Welsh Kings and Princes	Wales	5th century AD - 12th century AD	Celtic culture, local governance	Local wars, culture preservation	English conquest, fragmentation
Chola Dynasty	India	300 BC - 1279 AD	Maritime empire, Tamil culture	Temple architecture, trade	Invasions, internal strife
Rashidun Caliphate	Middle East	632 AD - 661 AD	Islamic expansion, administration	Rapid territorial expansion	Succession disputes, internal factions
Sassanid Empire	Iran	224 AD - 651 AD	Cultural renaissance, trade	Art, architecture	Islamic conquest, internal issues
Inuit Culture	Arctic regions	2000 BC to present	Nomadic lifestyle, sustainable practices	Hunting technology, art forms	Climate change, modern pressures
Kushite Kingdom	Sudan	800 BC - 350 AD	Egyptian influence, pyramids	Pyramids of Meroe, trade	Conquered by Aksum, resource depletion
Norse settlements in Vinland	North America	1000 AD - 1500 AD	Viking culture, agriculture	Exploration, crafts	Conflicts with Indigenous populations
Ancient Israel	Middle East	1200 BC - 500 AD	Cultural and religious influence	Hebrew Bible, Judaism	Conquered by empires, diaspora
Creek Confederacy	Southern USA	1700 AD - 1830 AD	Southeastern Native American culture	Fur trade, agriculture	U.S. expansion, forced relocation
Mesoamerican Cultures	Central America	1500 BC - 1500 AD	Complex societies, pyramids	Astronomy, calendars	Conquests and diseases
Albanian Principalities	Balkans	12th century AD - 15th century AD	Medieval culture	Resistance against Ottomans	Ottoman conquests, fragmentation
Uralic Sami Culture	Northern Europe	Prehistoric - ongoing	Nomadic reindeer herding	Cultural resilience, music	Modern pressures, environmental changes
Bosnian Kingdom	Bosnia	Mid 12th century - 1463 AD	Slavic culture, feudal system	Local governance, cultural flourishing	Ottoman conquest, fragmentation
Muisca Confederation	Colombia	Pre-Columbian - 16th century AD	Confederation of tribes, agriculture	Goldsmithing, trade	Spanish conquest, colonial impacts
Angkor Empire	Cambodia	802 AD - 1431 AD	Hindu and Buddhist influences	Angkor Wat, advanced irrigation	Climate changes, invasions
Sicilian Kingdom	Italy	1130 AD - 1194 AD	Norman influence, cultural mosaic	Architectural achievements	Hohenstaufen succession crisis, strife
Alfonso of Aragon	Mediterranean	12th century - 15th century	Conqueror, cultural integration	Multiethnic governance	Internal conflicts, power shifts
Zapotec Civilization	Oaxaca, Mexico	700 BC - 1500 AD	Agriculture, city-building	Monte Albán, monumental architecture	Social upheaval, Spanish conquest
Frankish Kingdom	Western Europe	5th century - 9th century	Feudalism, integration of tribes	Charlemagne's empire, legal codes	Fragmentation, invasions
Alanic Society	Eurasia	1st century - 5th century	Nomadic lifestyle, warrior culture	Cultured horsemen	Conquests by competing tribes
Bermudian Civilizations	Bermuda	1300 AD - 16th century AD	Colonial settlements, agriculture	Developed agriculture	Loss to European powers, dispossession
Hutt River Province	Australia	1970 - 2020	Micro-nation, anti-centrism	Self-declared independence	Legal disputes, dissolution efforts
Ming Dynasty	China	1368 AD - 1644 AD	Cultural flourishing, trade	Great Wall reconstruction, voyages of Zheng He	Manchu invasions, internal strife
Tang Dynasty	China	618 AD - 907 AD	Cultural renaissance, Silk Road trade	Expansion, cosmopolitan culture	Revolts, provincial fragmentation
Achaeans	Greece	1600 BC - 1100 BC	Mycenaean culture, trade	Linear B writing, early Greek civilization	Dorian invasion, internal strife
Mauryan Empire	India	322 BC - 185 BC	First large empire in India	Ashoka's edicts, trade	Weak successors, internal conflict
Gothic Kingdoms	Europe	300 AD - 700 AD	Warlike tribes, migration	Fall of Western Roman Empire	Fragmentation, invasions
Skara Brae	Orkney, Scotland	3100 BC - 2500 BC	Neolithic village, stone structures	Advanced architecture	Climate change, abandonment
Sumer	Mesopotamia (Iraq)	4500 BC - 1900 BC	City-states, cuneiform writing	First cities, inventions	Invasions, trade decline
Celtic Tribes	Europe	1200 BC - Roman Conquest	Druidic culture, tribal societies	Iron Age, complex societies	Roman conquest, cultural assimilation
Iberian Peninsula Cultures	Spain/Portugal	Prehistoric - Roman conquest	Diverse tribal cultures	Trade networks with Mediterranean	Roman expansion, internal conflicts
Timurid Empire	Central Asia	1370 AD - 1506 AD	Cultural revival, architecture	Timur's conquests, arts	Fragmentation after Timur's death
Armada of Exploration	Various	16th century - 18th century	Maritime exploration, colonization	Mapping of new regions	Resource depletion, conflicts
Denmark Vikings	Scandinavia	800 AD - 1100 AD	Seafaring raiders and traders	Exploration, settlements	Christianization, cultural change
Huns	Eurasia	4th century - 5th century	Nomadic conquerors	Militarism, migration	Defeated by Germanic tribes
Slavic Principalities	Eastern Europe	700 AD - 1200 AD	Cultural blending, feudalism	Cultural diversity, literature	Rise of neighboring powers
Mississippian Culture	North America	800 AD - 1600 AD	Mound-building society	Trade networks, monumental architecture	Resource depletion, contact with Europeans
Lombard Kingdom	Italy	568 AD - 774 AD	Germanic kingdoms, feudal culture	Integration of Roman and Germanic elements	Conquered by Franks, assimilation
Turkic Khanates	Eurasia	600 AD - 1200 AD	Nomadic lifestyle, military structure	Cultural exchanges along Silk Road	Mongol invasions, fragmentation
Yaqui Tribe	Mexico	Pre-Columbian - present	Agricultural societies, resistance	Strong spiritual beliefs, customs	Colonial impacts, modern pressures
Brahmin Estates	India	Ancient times - ongoing	Hindu traditions, priestly roles	Religious and cultural preservation	Modern challenges, reforms
Unknown West African Kingdoms	West Africa	Pre-colonial times	Diverse tribal cultures, rich traditions	Trade, artistic contributions	Colonial disruptions, resource exploitation
Peaceful Utterlike Society	Eurasia	2500 BC - 2000 BC	Largely social structures, self-sufficiency	Cultural resilience, innovation	Displacement, environmental changes
Lapita Culture	Oceania	1600 BC - 500 BC	Maritime voyaging, pottery	Cultural foundation of Polynesia	Climate effects, cultural shifts
Mi'kmaq Nation	Canada	Precolonial - ongoing	Indigenous governance, sustainable practices	Ecological knowledge, adaptability	Colonial impact, demographic changes
Cossack Hetmanate	Ukraine	17th century - 18th century	Military culture, autonomy	Anti-imperialism, cultural legacy	Russian expansion, integration
Carolingian Empire	Western Europe	800 AD - 888 AD	Cultural renaissance, feudalism	Cultural unification under Charlemagne	Fragmentation after Charlemagne
Viking Greenlands	Greenland	800 AD - 1300 AD	Norse cultural heritage, farming	Settlements, seafaring	Climate change, isolation
Quechua Culture	Peru	Prehistoric - present	Andean civilization, agriculture	Textile arts, agricultural practices	Modern economic challenges
Scythian Culture	Eurasia	800 BC - 200 AD	Nomadic warrior society, horseback riding	Art, trade networks	Pressure from invasions, assimilation
Ottoman Empire	Turkey	1299 AD - 1922 AD	Cultural diversity, imperial governance	Architecture, trade	Nationalism, World War I
Maori Culture	New Zealand	Polynesian settlement - present	Agricultural and maritime societies	Oral traditions, language preservation	Colonial impact, modern challenges
Babylonian Civilization	Mesopotamia (Iraq)	1894 BC - 539 BC	Significant in early civilization, trade	Hammurabi's Code, ziggurats	Conquered, trade disruptions
Fremantle Society	Australia	1840 - 1900	Colonial settlement culture	Architectural developments, maritime trade	Displacement, modern shifts
Persian Empire	Iran	550 BC - 330 BC	Largest empire, cultural achievements	Royal Road, Persepolis	Conquests, administrative difficulties
Chaco Culture	North America	850 AD - 1150 AD	Pueblo culture, advanced astronomy	Cultural and trade networks	Climate factors, resource depletion
Three Kingdoms of Korea	Korea	1st century BC - 7th century AD	Cultural exchange, rivalry	Buddhism, military conflict	Unification, external pressures
Sevran-Villes	France	Late 20th century	Post-colonial settlements	Diversified communities	Economic pressures, local conflicts
Late Neolithic Society	Southeast Asia	4500 BC - 3000 BC	Gathering and agriculture	Cultural foundations, trade	Rural to urban shifts
Fraudulent Decadent Society	Pacific Islands	19th century	Cultural encounters, colonization	Assimilation of outside cultures	Split identities in modernity
Mayapan	Yucatan, Mexico	1200-1450 AD	Maya city-state	Cultural and trade hub	Political strife, environmental changes
Teotihuacan	Mexico	150 BC - 650 AD	Cosmopolitan society, cultural center	Pyramid of the Sun, urban planning	Internal conflict, resource depletion
Ammonite Civilization	Jordan	Prehistoric - 5th century BC	Ancient tribal societies, nomadic	Resistance against empires, trade	Decline through conquest, assimilation
Gallienus Feudal Kingdoms	Europe	Post Roman Empire - ongoing	Tribal governance, feudalism	Local powers resisted centralization	Fragmentation, conquest
Manchu Qing Dynasty	China	1644 AD - 1912 AD	Multi-ethnic empire, trade	Silk and porcelain trade, administrative systems	Decline due to revolutions and modernization
Sidama Kingdom	Ethiopia	Pre-20th century	Traditional culture, agriculture	Cultural practices and systems	Colonial pressures, modern influences