| Afrikaans |
South Africa |
West Germanic |
Official |
Derived from Dutch; has many loanwords from Malay and indigenous languages. |
Latin |
| Albanian |
Albania |
Independent |
Official |
Distinctive use of Tosk and Gheg dialects. |
Latin |
| Arabic |
Various (Middle East, North Africa) |
Semitic |
Official |
Complex script and rich literature with significant religious texts. |
Abjad |
| Armenian |
Armenia |
Indo-European |
Official |
Rich tradition of music and dance, particularly the folk style. |
Armenian |
| Basque |
Spain, France |
Language isolate |
Official in some regions |
Unique pre-Roman heritage with distinct traditions. |
Latin |
| Bengali |
Bangladesh, India |
Indo-Aryan |
Official in Bangladesh |
Holidays like Pohela Boishakh celebrate the Bengali New Year. |
Bengali |
| Bosnian |
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
South Slavic |
Official |
Cultural identity intertwined with Islamic traditions and Ottoman history. |
Latin |
| Bulgarian |
Bulgaria |
South Slavic |
Official |
Famous for its folk music and dances, particularly the horo. |
Cyrillic |
| Catalan |
Spain, Andorra |
Romance |
Official in Catalonia and Andorra |
Famed for its modernist architecture and festive culture. |
Latin |
| Chinese (Mandarin) |
China |
Sino-Tibetan |
Official |
Rich calligraphy and traditional festivals like Chinese New Year. |
Logographic |
| Czech |
Czech Republic |
West Slavic |
Official |
Distinctive folk traditions, especially in music and dance. |
Latin |
| Danish |
Denmark |
North Germanic |
Official |
Known for its unique design and modern architecture. |
Latin |
| Dutch |
Netherlands, Belgium |
West Germanic |
Official |
Strong influence of merchant culture and art, e.g., Dutch Golden Age. |
Latin |
| English |
United Kingdom, USA, etc. |
West Germanic |
Official in several countries |
Home of distinct literary heritage, particularly Shakespeare. |
Latin |
| Estonian |
Estonia |
Uralic |
Official |
Rich in mythology and folk tales, especially in song festivals. |
Latin |
| Finnish |
Finland |
Uralic |
Official |
Unique sauna culture and rich folklore traditions. |
Latin |
| French |
France, Canada, etc. |
Romance |
Official in several countries |
Renowned for its fashion, cuisine, and arts. |
Latin |
| German |
Germany, Austria, Switzerland |
West Germanic |
Official in several countries |
Known for its philosophical heritage and Oktoberfest. |
Latin |
| Greek |
Greece |
Indo-European |
Official |
Rich mythology and ancient history, famous for the Olympics. |
Greek |
| Hebrew |
Israel |
Afro-Asiatic |
Official |
Strong cultural connection to religious practices and history. |
Hebrew |
| Hindi |
India |
Indo-Aryan |
Official |
Diverse regional festivals and traditions connected to Bollywood. |
Devanagari |
| Hungarian |
Hungary |
Uralic |
Official |
Unique folklore and traditions, particularly in folk music. |
Latin |
| Icelandic |
Iceland |
North Germanic |
Official |
Preservation of medieval culture and sagas, unique Norse mythology. |
Latin |
| Indonesian |
Indonesia |
Austronesian |
Official |
Diverse cultures and traditional ceremonies, known for batik. |
Latin |
| Irish |
Ireland |
Goidelic |
Official |
Rich in folklore, music, and traditional dance like the jig. |
Latin |
| Italian |
Italy |
Romance |
Official |
Known for its art, music, and Florence's Renaissance heritage. |
Latin |
| Japanese |
Japan |
Japonic |
Official |
Unique aesthetics in art and design, cherry blossom festivals. |
Logographic, Kana |
| Javanese |
Indonesia |
Austronesian |
Regional |
Rich in court culture with traditional dances and ceremonies. |
Latin |
| Kazakh |
Kazakhstan |
Turkic |
Official |
Strong oral tradition and rich in horse culture, particularly kokpar. |
Cyrillic, Latin |
| Korean |
South Korea, North Korea |
Language isolate |
Official |
Famous for its traditional dress (hanbok) and cuisine. |
Hangul |
| Kurdish |
Iraq, Turkey, etc. |
Indo-European |
Official in regions |
Distinctive cultural ceremonies, particularly Newroz. |
Latin, Arabic |
| Latvian |
Latvia |
Baltic |
Official |
Rich in folklore, particularly in songs and dances. |
Latin |
| Lithuanian |
Lithuania |
Baltic |
Official |
Famous for its folk arts and the summer solstice festival, Užgavėnės. |
Latin |
| Malay |
Malaysia, Indonesia |
Austronesian |
Official in Malaysia |
Known for colorful festivals and the tradition of batik. |
Latin |
| Macedonian |
North Macedonia |
South Slavic |
Official |
Cultural heritage showcases folk dances and music traditions. |
Cyrillic |
| Mandarin |
China |
Sino-Tibetan |
Official |
Central to Chinese art, philosophy, and traditional medicine. |
Logographic |
| Norwegian |
Norway |
North Germanic |
Official |
Rich in folklore, particularly trolls and traditional Viking heritage. |
Latin |
| Persian (Farsi) |
Iran |
Indo-European |
Official |
Famed for its poetry and famous contributions to art and architecture. |
Persian |
| Polish |
Poland |
West Slavic |
Official |
Known for its vibrant folk music and historical festivals. |
Latin |
| Portuguese |
Portugal, Brazil |
Romance |
Official in several countries |
Strong connection to exploration and diverse cultural influences. |
Latin |
| Romanian |
Romania |
Romance |
Official |
Rich in folklore and traditions like the Mărțișor holiday. |
Latin |
| Russian |
Russia |
East Slavic |
Official |
Famous for its literature and ballet culture. |
Cyrillic |
| Scottish Gaelic |
Scotland |
Goidelic |
Recognized minority language |
Rich in music, especially bagpipes, and folklore. |
Latin |
| Serbian |
Serbia |
South Slavic |
Official |
Cultural identity tied to traditional dance and music. |
Cyrillic, Latin |
| Spanish |
Spain, Latin America |
Romance |
Official in many countries |
Renowned for its literature, art, and vibrant festivals like La Tomatina. |
Latin |
| Swahili |
Tanzania, Kenya |
Niger-Congo |
Official |
Rich in diverse cultures, known for oral literature and music. |
Latin |
| Swedish |
Sweden |
North Germanic |
Official |
Known for its design and cultural festivals such as Midsummer. |
Latin |
| Thai |
Thailand |
Tai-Kadai |
Official |
Rich in festivals, known for its traditional dance and food culture. |
Thai |
| Turkish |
Turkey |
Turkic |
Official |
Distinct cultural identity connected to the Ottoman legacy. |
Latin |
| Ukrainian |
Ukraine |
East Slavic |
Official |
Rich in cultural traditions, including folk dances and music. |
Cyrillic |
| Vietnamese |
Vietnam |
Austroasiatic |
Official |
Distinctive Tet festival celebrating the Lunar New Year. |
Latin |
| Welsh |
Wales |
Celtic |
Official |
Known for its bardic traditions and eisteddfod festivals. |
Latin |
| Yoruba |
Nigeria |
Niger-Congo |
Official in some regions |
Rich in oral traditions and vibrant festivals like Eyo. |
Latin |
| Zulu |
South Africa |
Niger-Congo |
Official |
Known for its unique beadwork and cultural ceremonies. |
Latin |
| Xhosa |
South Africa |
Niger-Congo |
Official |
Rich in oral traditions, especially storytelling. |
Latin |
| Quechua |
Peru, Bolivia |
Quechuan |
Official in some regions |
Strong cultural practices in music and textile arts. |
Latin |
| Tagalog |
Philippines |
Austronesian |
Official |
Celebration of festivals like Sinulog and unique folk practices. |
Latin |
| Sami |
Norway, Sweden, Finland |
Uralic |
Official in Sami regions |
Rich in reindeer herding culture and unique music (joik). |
Latin |
| Aragonese |
Spain |
Romance |
Regional |
Distinct local festivals and traditions, particularly in rural areas. |
Latin |
| Asturleonese |
Spain |
Romance |
Regional |
Heritage includes vibrant folk songs and traditional dances. |
Latin |
| Manx |
Isle of Man |
Goidelic |
Revived |
Distinct cultural identity with music and folklore. |
Latin |
| Galician |
Spain |
Romance |
Regional |
Rich in traditions and connection to Celtic roots in music. |
Latin |
| Bretón |
France |
Celtic |
Regional |
Cultural identity connected to folk music and dance. |
Latin |
| Occitan |
France, Italy, Spain |
Romance |
Regional |
Famed for its literature and traditional music culture. |
Latin |
| Luxembourgish |
Luxembourg |
West Germanic |
Official |
Cultural identity tied to local customs and folklore. |
Latin |
| Scottish English |
Scotland |
West Germanic |
Regional |
Influence of Scottish heritage in music and literature. |
Latin |
| Burmese |
Myanmar |
Sino-Tibetan |
Official |
Rich cultural festivals like Thingyan (water festival). |
Burmese |
| Flemish |
Belgium |
West Germanic |
Regional |
Connection to paintings and heritage of Flanders. |
Latin |
| Samogitian |
Lithuania |
Baltic |
Regional |
Distinctive traditions in crafts and music. |
Latin |
| Romani |
Widely dispersed |
Indo-Aryan |
Stateless |
Rich in oral traditions and unique cultural practices. |
Latin |
| Sicilian |
Italy |
Romance |
Regional |
Rich in folklore, especially in festivals and agrarian practices. |
Latin |
| Emilian-Romagnol |
Italy |
Romance |
Regional |
Strong folk traditions and dialectal expressions. |
Latin |
| Romansch |
Switzerland |
Romance |
Official in some regions |
Rich in folklore and traditions related to Alpine culture. |
Latin |
| Haitian Creole |
Haiti |
Creole |
Official |
Influence of African and French cultures in music and dance. |
Latin |
| Tok Pisin |
Papua New Guinea |
Creole |
Official |
Unique blending of diverse indigenous cultures and languages. |
Latin |
| Kreyòl |
Cambodia, Dominican Republic |
Creole |
Regional |
Strong influence of local traditions and festivals. |
Latin |
| Chavacano |
Philippines |
Creole |
Regional |
Blend of Spanish and indigenous cultures, with unique customs. |
Latin |
| Maltese |
Malta |
Semitic |
Official |
Rich in history, influenced by various Mediterranean cultures. |
Latin |
| Swahili (Coastal) |
East Africa |
Niger-Congo |
Official |
Unique in blending African and Arabic cultural elements. |
Latin |
| Albino |
Albania |
Indo-European |
Minority |
Preservation of ancient customs, folklore, and textiles. |
Latin |
| Sona |
Ghana |
Niger-Congo |
Regional |
Rich in oral traditions and cultural ceremonies. |
Latin |
| Mandingo |
Mali |
Niger-Congo |
Regional |
Strong in oral history and cultural practices related to music. |
Latin |
| Twi |
Ghana |
Niger-Congo |
Regional |
Famous for its proverbs and cultural festivals. |
Latin |
| Kiswahili |
Tanzania |
Niger-Congo |
Regional |
Connection to diverse cultural practices and celebrations. |
Latin |
| Māori |
New Zealand |
Austronesian |
Official |
Rich in traditions, particularly in art and performing arts. |
Latin |
| Samoan |
Samoa |
Austronesian |
Official |
Strong cultural practices related to family and community. |
Latin |
| Cantonese |
China, Hong Kong |
Sino-Tibetan |
Regional |
Distinctive festivals and local cuisine, known for dim sum. |
Logographic |
| Uighur |
China (Xinjiang) |
Turkic |
Official |
Unique blend of Turkic and Central Asian cultures, music tradition. |
Arabic |
| Chichewa |
Malawi |
Niger-Congo |
Official |
Strong in traditional ceremonies and oral literature. |
Latin |
| Fijian |
Fiji |
Austronesian |
Official |
Rich in ceremonies and traditional meke dances. |
Latin |
| Chamorro |
Guam |
Austronesian |
Official |
Unique cultural identity and practices, especially in festivals. |
Latin |
| Tongan |
Tonga |
Austronesian |
Official |
Known for strong traditions and unique cultural celebrations. |
Latin |
| Inuktitut |
Canada (Inuit regions) |
Eskimo-Aleut |
Official |
Rich in oral stories and traditions related to nature and survival. |
Syllabics |
| Bribri |
Costa Rica, Panama |
Chibchan |
Indigenous |
Connection to traditional farming and spirituality. |
Latin |
| Guarani |
Paraguay |
Guarani |
Official |
Rich in folklore and connection to spiritual practices. |
Latin |
| Aymara |
Bolivia, Peru |
Aymaran |
Indigenous |
Rich in agricultural traditions and cultural practices. |
Latin |
| Navajo |
United States |
Athabaskan |
Indigenous |
Unique in storytelling traditions and connection to land. |
Latin |
| Quechua, II |
Peru |
Quechuan |
Indigenous |
Connection to Andean culture and traditional farming practices. |
Latin |
| Saami, Northern |
Norway, Sweden, Finland |
Uralic |
Indigenous |
Unique reindeer herding traditions and ceremonies. |
Latin |
| Suri |
Brazil |
Tucanoan |
Indigenous |
Distinctive festive traditions connected to nature and spirituality. |
Latin |
| Kuku Yalanji |
Australia |
Pama-Nyungan |
Indigenous |
Rich in environmental knowledge and cultural practices. |
Latin |
| Warlpiri |
Australia |
Pama-Nyungan |
Indigenous |
Unique relationship to land and traditional cultural practices. |
Latin |
| Tigrinya |
Eritrea, Ethiopia |
Afro-Asiatic |
Official |
Strong connection to ancient civilizations and rich oral tradition. |
Ge'ez |
| Somali |
Somalia |
Afro-Asiatic |
Official |
Strong oral traditions and poetry, with distinct cultural festivals. |
Latin |
| Basa |
Cameroon |
Niger-Congo |
Regional |
Rich in cultural practices and oral traditions. |
Latin |
| Kikuyu |
Kenya |
Niger-Congo |
Regional |
Distinctive cultural practices and storytelling traditions. |
Latin |
| Emberá |
Panama |
Chibchan |
Indigenous |
Unique in their rain forest rituals and cultural expressions. |
Latin |
| Kuna |
Panama |
Arawakan |
Indigenous |
Known for their beautiful molas and vibrant cultural celebrations. |
Latin |
| African American Vernacular English |
USA |
English |
Dialect |
Cultural identity tied to music (jazz, hip-hop) and oral history. |
Latin |
| Cherokee |
USA |
Iroquoian |
Indigenous |
Unique customs and revitalization efforts of language and tradition. |
Latin |
| Alaska Native Languages |
USA |
Eskimo-Aleut |
Indigenous |
Rich cultural practices connected to the Arctic environment. |
Latin |
| Ahmadiyya |
Pakistan |
Indo-Aryan |
Religious community |
Cultural festivals and unique interpretations of Islamic teachings. |
Latin |
| Redneck English |
USA |
English |
Dialect |
Cultural identity tied to rural traditions and lifestyle. |
Latin |
| Chinantec |
Mexico |
Mixe-Zoque |
Indigenous |
Rich in music and connection to traditional crafts. |
Latin |
| Tzotzil |
Mexico |
Mayan |
Indigenous |
Known for unique textile arts and traditional ceremonies. |
Latin |
| Shuar |
Ecuador |
Jivaroan |
Indigenous |
Rich in shamanistic traditions and vibrant festivals. |
Latin |
| Cirومة |
Namibia |
Khoe |
Indigenous |
Known for unique nomadic lifestyle and oral traditions. |
Latin |
| Tuu |
Namibia |
Khoe |
Indigenous |
Cultural connection to wildlife and natural environment. |
Latin |
| Zarma |
Niger |
Niger-Congo |
Regional |
Rich in oral traditions and festivals celebrating harvests. |
Latin |
| Hmong |
China, Vietnam, Laos |
Hmong-Mien |
Indigenous |
Strong connection to folklore and cultural practices. |
Latin |