- Philosopher: Thales Birth Year: 624 BC Death Year: 546 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: First philosopher; naturalism and cosmology - Philosopher: Anaximander Birth Year: 610 BC Death Year: 546 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Apeiron; early cosmology - Philosopher: Anaximenes Birth Year: 586 BC Death Year: 528 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Air as the primary substance - Philosopher: Pythagoras Birth Year: 570 BC Death Year: 495 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Mathematics, mysticism, and the theory of forms - Philosopher: Hippocrates Birth Year: 460 BC Death Year: 370 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Medicine as a profession; Hippocratic Oath - Philosopher: Socrates Birth Year: 470 BC Death Year: 399 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Socratic method; ethics - Philosopher: Plato Birth Year: 427 BC Death Year: 347 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Theory of Forms; epistemology; the ideal state - Philosopher: Aristotle Birth Year: 384 BC Death Year: 322 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; ethics; politics; logic - Philosopher: Epicurus Birth Year: 341 BC Death Year: 270 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Pleasure principle; atomism - Philosopher: Zeno of Citium Birth Year: 334 BC Death Year: 262 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Stoicism; virtue ethics - Philosopher: Diogenes Birth Year: 400 BC Death Year: 323 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Cynicism; simplicity - Philosopher: Protagoras Birth Year: 490 BC Death Year: 420 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Relativism; man is the measure - Philosopher: Heraclitus Birth Year: 535 BC Death Year: 475 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Change as central to the universe - Philosopher: Parmenides Birth Year: 515 BC Death Year: 450 BC Nationality: Greek Main Ideas/Contributions: Being and the nature of reality - Philosopher: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Birth Year: '1646' Death Year: '1716' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Calculus; Monadology - Philosopher: "Ren\xE9 Descartes" Birth Year: '1596' Death Year: '1650' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Cogito; Cartesian coordinates; dualism - Philosopher: David Hume Birth Year: '1711' Death Year: '1776' Nationality: Scottish Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; skepticism; naturalism - Philosopher: Immanuel Kant Birth Year: '1724' Death Year: '1804' Nationality: Prussian Main Ideas/Contributions: Categorical imperative; transcendental idealism - Philosopher: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Birth Year: '1770' Death Year: '1831' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Dialectics; absolute idealism - Philosopher: Friedrich Nietzsche Birth Year: '1844' Death Year: '1900' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Will to power; eternal recurrence; nihilism - Philosopher: John Stuart Mill Birth Year: '1806' Death Year: '1873' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Utilitarianism; liberty and individual rights - Philosopher: Thomas Hobbes Birth Year: '1588' Death Year: '1679' Nationality: English Main Ideas/Contributions: Social contract; materialism - Philosopher: John Locke Birth Year: '1632' Death Year: '1704' Nationality: English Main Ideas/Contributions: Tabula rasa; liberalism - Philosopher: Jean-Jacques Rousseau Birth Year: '1712' Death Year: '1778' Nationality: Swiss/French Main Ideas/Contributions: Social contract; general will - Philosopher: Simone de Beauvoir Birth Year: '1908' Death Year: '1986' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminism; existentialism - Philosopher: Martin Heidegger Birth Year: '1889' Death Year: '1976' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Being-in-the-world; existential phenomenology - Philosopher: Albert Camus Birth Year: '1913' Death Year: '1960' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Absurdism; the myth of Sisyphus - Philosopher: "S\xF8ren Kierkegaard" Birth Year: '1813' Death Year: '1855' Nationality: Danish Main Ideas/Contributions: Existentialism; subjectivity - Philosopher: John Dewey Birth Year: '1859' Death Year: '1952' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; democracy in education - Philosopher: Bertrand Russell Birth Year: '1872' Death Year: '1970' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Analytic philosophy; social criticism - Philosopher: Ludwig Wittgenstein Birth Year: '1889' Death Year: '1951' Nationality: Austrian/British Main Ideas/Contributions: Language games; meaning as use - Philosopher: "J\xFCrgen Habermas" Birth Year: '1929' Death Year: .nan Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: The public sphere; communicative action - Philosopher: Michel Foucault Birth Year: '1926' Death Year: '1984' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Power/knowledge; discourse analysis - Philosopher: Jacques Derrida Birth Year: '1930' Death Year: '2004' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: "Deconstruction; diff\xE9rance" - Philosopher: Paul Ricoeur Birth Year: '1913' Death Year: '2005' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Hermeneutics; narrative identity - Philosopher: Alasdair MacIntyre Birth Year: '1929' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Scottish Main Ideas/Contributions: Virtue ethics; tradition - Philosopher: Richard Rorty Birth Year: '1931' Death Year: '2007' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatic pluralism - Philosopher: Thomas Nagel Birth Year: '1937' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Consciousness; subjective/objective distinction - Philosopher: Daniel Dennett Birth Year: '1942' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; consciousness as evolution - Philosopher: Rudolf Carnap Birth Year: '1891' Death Year: '1970' Nationality: German/American Main Ideas/Contributions: Logical positivism; philosophy of science - Philosopher: Willard Van Orman Quine Birth Year: '1908' Death Year: '2000' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Indeterminacy of translation; holism - Philosopher: Judith Butler Birth Year: '1956' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Gender theory; performativity - Philosopher: "Slavoj \u017Di\u017Eek" Birth Year: '1949' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Slovenian Main Ideas/Contributions: Psychoanalysis; cultural critique - Philosopher: Martha Nussbaum Birth Year: '1947' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Capabilities approach; ethics - Philosopher: Hannah Arendt Birth Year: '1906' Death Year: '1975' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Political theory; totalitarianism - Philosopher: Pierre Bourdieu Birth Year: '1930' Death Year: '2002' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural capital; habitus - Philosopher: Thomas Kuhn Birth Year: '1922' Death Year: '1996' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Structure of scientific revolutions - Philosopher: Isaiah Berlin Birth Year: '1909' Death Year: '1997' Nationality: Russian/British Main Ideas/Contributions: Value pluralism; two concepts of liberty - Philosopher: Michael Sandel Birth Year: '1953' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Communitarianism; justice theory - Philosopher: Frantz Fanon Birth Year: '1925' Death Year: '1961' Nationality: French-Algerian Main Ideas/Contributions: Post-colonial theory; the wretched of the earth - Philosopher: Simone Weil Birth Year: '1909' Death Year: '1943' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Affection and attention; philosophy of work - Philosopher: Rainer Maria Rilke Birth Year: '1875' Death Year: '1926' Nationality: Austrian Main Ideas/Contributions: Existential themes in poetry - Philosopher: David Lewis Birth Year: '1941' Death Year: '2001' Nationality: Australian Main Ideas/Contributions: Modal realism; philosophy of language - Philosopher: John Searle Birth Year: '1932' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Language; consciousness; social reality - Philosopher: Julia Kristeva Birth Year: '1941' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Bulgarian-French Main Ideas/Contributions: Psychoanalysis; semiotics - Philosopher: Niels Bohr Birth Year: '1885' Death Year: '1962' Nationality: Danish Main Ideas/Contributions: Quantum theory; complementarity - Philosopher: Albert Einstein Birth Year: '1879' Death Year: '1955' Nationality: German/Swiss-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Theory of relativity; philosophy of science - Philosopher: Karl Popper Birth Year: '1902' Death Year: '1994' Nationality: Austrian-British Main Ideas/Contributions: Falsifiability; scientific method - Philosopher: Angela Davis Birth Year: '1944' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Civil rights; feminism - Philosopher: Richard Dawkins Birth Year: '1941' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Evolutionary biology; science and religion - Philosopher: John Rawls Birth Year: '1921' Death Year: '2002' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Justice as fairness; political liberalism - Philosopher: Robert Nozick Birth Year: '1938' Death Year: '2002' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Libertarianism; entitlement theory - Philosopher: David Chalmers Birth Year: '1966' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Australian Main Ideas/Contributions: Consciousness; the hard problem - Philosopher: Peter Singer Birth Year: '1946' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Australian Main Ideas/Contributions: Animal rights; utilitarianism - Philosopher: Cornel West Birth Year: '1953' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Social justice; race; democracy - Philosopher: Zygmunt Bauman Birth Year: '1925' Death Year: '2017' Nationality: Polish-British Main Ideas/Contributions: Liquid modernity; postmodernity - Philosopher: Byung-Chul Han Birth Year: '1959' Death Year: .nan Nationality: South Korean Main Ideas/Contributions: Society of exhaustion; digital culture - Philosopher: Susan Haack Birth Year: '1945' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; epistemology - Philosopher: John Paul II Birth Year: '1920' Death Year: '2005' Nationality: Polish Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of human dignity; social ethics - Philosopher: Catherine Malabou Birth Year: '1959' Death Year: .nan Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Neurophilosophy; plasticity - Philosopher: Iris Murdoch Birth Year: '1919' Death Year: '1999' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Love and ethics; moral philosophy - Philosopher: Richard Tarnas Birth Year: '1950' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural philosophy; archetypal psychology - Philosopher: Clark Glymour Birth Year: '1943' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; causal inference - Philosopher: "Linda Mart\xEDn Alcoff" Birth Year: '1948' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist epistemology; race theory - Philosopher: Robert Brandom Birth Year: '1950' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Inferentialism; semantics - Philosopher: Daniel Kahneman Birth Year: '1934' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Israeli-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Behavioral economics; judgment - Philosopher: Amartya Sen Birth Year: '1933' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Indian Main Ideas/Contributions: Welfare economics; capabilities approach - Philosopher: Ruth Millikan Birth Year: '1933' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Biological classification; language - Philosopher: Elizabeth Anscombe Birth Year: '1910' Death Year: '2001' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Action theory; intention - Philosopher: Bernard Lonergan Birth Year: '1904' Death Year: '1984' Nationality: Canadian Main Ideas/Contributions: Cognitional theory; theological ethics - Philosopher: Nancy Fraser Birth Year: '1947' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist theory; social justice - Philosopher: Joanna Bourke Birth Year: '1955' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: War and gender; history - Philosopher: Simone de Beauvoir Birth Year: '1908' Death Year: '1986' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Existential feminism; ethics of ambiguity - Philosopher: Karl Marx Birth Year: '1818' Death Year: '1883' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Historical materialism; capitalism critique - Philosopher: Friedrich Engels Birth Year: '1820' Death Year: '1895' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Socialism; materialist conception of history - Philosopher: Eduard Bernstein Birth Year: '1850' Death Year: '1932' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Revisionism in socialism; democratic socialism - Philosopher: Antonio Gramsci Birth Year: '1891' Death Year: '1937' Nationality: Italian Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural hegemony; marxist theory - Philosopher: Herbert Marcuse Birth Year: '1898' Death Year: '1979' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; one-dimensional man - Philosopher: Michel de Certeau Birth Year: '1925' Death Year: '1986' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: The practice of everyday life; cultural practices - Philosopher: Max Horkheimer Birth Year: '1895' Death Year: '1973' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; social philosophy - Philosopher: Theodore Adorno Birth Year: '1903' Death Year: '1969' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; aesthetics; culture industry - Philosopher: Giorgio Agamben Birth Year: '1942' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Italian Main Ideas/Contributions: State of exception; biopolitics - Philosopher: Rosi Braidotti Birth Year: '1954' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Italian Main Ideas/Contributions: Posthumanism; feminist philosophy - Philosopher: Judith Butler Birth Year: '1956' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Gender performativity; queer theory - Philosopher: "Slavoj \u017Di\u017Eek" Birth Year: '1949' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Slovenian Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural critiques; ideology critique - Philosopher: Richard Rorty Birth Year: '1931' Death Year: '2007' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism - Philosopher: Bertrand Russell Birth Year: '1872' Death Year: '1970' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Analytical philosophy; logic - Philosopher: Jacques Derrida Birth Year: '1930' Death Year: '2004' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Deconstruction; post-structuralism - Philosopher: John Deely Birth Year: '1939' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Semiotics; philosophy of signs - Philosopher: Timothy Williamson Birth Year: '1955' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Knowledge and logic; epistemology - Philosopher: Robert Brandom Birth Year: '1950' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Inference and meaning; scorekeeping - Philosopher: David K. Lewis Birth Year: '1941' Death Year: '2001' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Modal realism; possible worlds - Philosopher: Stephen Mulhall Birth Year: '1968' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy and literature; hermeneutics - Philosopher: Daniel Dennett Birth Year: '1942' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; free will - Philosopher: Peter Godfrey-Smith Birth Year: '1956' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Australian Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of biology; consciousness - Philosopher: "Elizabeth Mill\xE1n" Birth Year: '1970' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; logic - Philosopher: Simon Blackburn Birth Year: '1944' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Moral philosophy; expressivism - Philosopher: Nancy Cartwright Birth Year: '1944' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; scientific models - Philosopher: Jesse Prinz Birth Year: '1966' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; aesthetics - Philosopher: Tamler Sommers Birth Year: '1974' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of moral responsibility - Philosopher: "J\xFCrgen Habermas" Birth Year: '1929' Death Year: .nan Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Public sphere; communicative rationality - Philosopher: Elizabeth Anscombe Birth Year: '1910' Death Year: '2001' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Moral philosophy; intention - Philosopher: Micro-Macroeconomics Birth Year: Year Year Death Year: Year Year Nationality: Country Main Ideas/Contributions: Economics; Greater Awareness - Philosopher: John Searle Birth Year: '1932' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Language; consciousness; social reality - Philosopher: Martha Nussbaum Birth Year: '1947' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Capabilities approach; philosophy of emotion - Philosopher: Ludwig Feuerbach Birth Year: '1804' Death Year: '1872' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Materialism; critique of religion - Philosopher: David Hartley Birth Year: '1705' Death Year: '1757' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Associationism; psychology - Philosopher: Baruch Spinoza Birth Year: '1632' Death Year: '1677' Nationality: Dutch Main Ideas/Contributions: Ethics; rationalism - Philosopher: David Hume Birth Year: '1711' Death Year: '1776' Nationality: Scottish Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; skepticism - Philosopher: Bertrand Russell Birth Year: '1872' Death Year: '1970' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Analytic philosophy; logic - Philosopher: Alfred North Whitehead Birth Year: '1861' Death Year: '1947' Nationality: British-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Process philosophy; metaphysics - Philosopher: "S\xF8ren Kierkegaard" Birth Year: '1813' Death Year: '1855' Nationality: Danish Main Ideas/Contributions: Existentialism; subjectivity - Philosopher: Paul Feyerabend Birth Year: '1924' Death Year: '1994' Nationality: Austrian Main Ideas/Contributions: Epistemological anarchism; philosophy of science - Philosopher: George Herbert Mead Birth Year: '1863' Death Year: '1931' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Symbolic interactionism; social psychology - Philosopher: Wilfrid Sellars Birth Year: '1912' Death Year: '1989' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; scientific realism - Philosopher: Michael Dummett Birth Year: '1925' Death Year: '2011' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; anti-realism - Philosopher: Richard Rorty Birth Year: '1931' Death Year: '2007' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism - Philosopher: Timothy Williamson Birth Year: '1955' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Epistemology; knowledge - Philosopher: Hilary Putnam Birth Year: '1926' Death Year: '2016' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; realism/anti-realism - Philosopher: Marilyn Frye Birth Year: '1941' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist philosophy; oppression - Philosopher: Estelle Disch Birth Year: '1947' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist theory; political philosophy - Philosopher: Kristin A. G. Chalmers Birth Year: '1946' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Social Philosophy; Gender - Philosopher: M. T. L. Chen Birth Year: '1948' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Moral Philosophy; ethics - Philosopher: Luigi Pareyson Birth Year: '1918' Death Year: '1992' Nationality: Italian Main Ideas/Contributions: Hermeneutics; aesthetics - Philosopher: Henri Bergson Birth Year: '1859' Death Year: '1941' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Time and consciousness; creative evolution - Philosopher: Samuel Alexander Birth Year: '1859' Death Year: '1938' Nationality: Australian Main Ideas/Contributions: Aesthetic experience; philosophy of space - Philosopher: Alfred Tarski Birth Year: '1901' Death Year: '1983' Nationality: Polish-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Semantics; truth - Philosopher: Yascha Mounk Birth Year: '1982' Death Year: .nan Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Political Philosophy; Democracy - Philosopher: Drucilla Cornell Birth Year: '1946' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; feminist philosophy - Philosopher: Michael Sandel Birth Year: '1953' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; communitarianism - Philosopher: M. M. Nussbaum Birth Year: '1947' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; capabilities approach - Philosopher: Walter Benjamin Birth Year: '1892' Death Year: '1940' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural criticism; aesthetic theory - Philosopher: Giorgio Agamben Birth Year: '1942' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Italian Main Ideas/Contributions: Biopolitics; state of exception - Philosopher: Alfred North Whitehead Birth Year: '1861' Death Year: '1947' Nationality: British-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Process philosophy; metaphysics - Philosopher: Simone Weil Birth Year: '1909' Death Year: '1943' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of work; political philosophy - Philosopher: Arnold Geulincx Birth Year: '1625' Death Year: '1695' Nationality: Flemish Main Ideas/Contributions: Occasionalism; philosophy of mind - Philosopher: Max Scheler Birth Year: '1874' Death Year: '1928' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Phenomenology; value theory - Philosopher: Benedict de Spinoza Birth Year: '1632' Death Year: '1677' Nationality: Dutch Main Ideas/Contributions: Ethics; rationalism; pantheism - Philosopher: Herbert Marcuse Birth Year: '1898' Death Year: '1979' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Radical theory; critical theory - Philosopher: Robert Brandom Birth Year: '1950' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Semantic inferentialism; language - Philosopher: Leo Strauss Birth Year: '1899' Death Year: '1973' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; moderation - Philosopher: Ludwig Wittgenstein Birth Year: '1889' Death Year: '1951' Nationality: Austrian-British Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; meaning - Philosopher: Jacques Lacan Birth Year: '1901' Death Year: '1981' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Psychoanalysis; the Real, the Imaginary, the Symbolic - Philosopher: Richard M. Rorty Birth Year: '1931' Death Year: '2007' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: The linguistic turn; pragmatism - Philosopher: David Papineau Birth Year: '1947' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; philosophy of mind - Philosopher: Noam Chomsky Birth Year: '1928' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Linguistics; political philosophy - Philosopher: Timothy Williamson Birth Year: '1955' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Knowledge and epistemology - Philosopher: Iris Murdoch Birth Year: '1919' Death Year: '1999' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Morality; existentialism - Philosopher: Martin Buber Birth Year: '1878' Death Year: '1965' Nationality: Austrian-Israeli Main Ideas/Contributions: I-Thou relation; dialogue - Philosopher: Arthur Schopenhauer Birth Year: '1788' Death Year: '1860' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Pessimism; will to live - Philosopher: Adolf Reinach Birth Year: '1883' Death Year: '1917' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Phenomenology; social ontology - Philosopher: "\xC9mile Durkheim" Birth Year: '1858' Death Year: '1917' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Sociology; structural functionalism - Philosopher: C. D. Broad Birth Year: '1887' Death Year: '1971' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; metaphysics - Philosopher: Alexis de Tocqueville Birth Year: '1805' Death Year: '1859' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; democracy - Philosopher: Paul Ricoeur Birth Year: '1913' Death Year: '2005' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Hermeneutics; narrative identity - Philosopher: "Jean-Fran\xE7ois Lyotard" Birth Year: '1924' Death Year: '1998' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Postmodernism; the sublime - Philosopher: Paul Tillich Birth Year: '1886' Death Year: '1965' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Theology; existentialism - Philosopher: Josef Breuer Birth Year: '1842' Death Year: '1925' Nationality: Austrian Main Ideas/Contributions: Psychoanalysis; psychological research - Philosopher: Gilbert Ryle Birth Year: '1900' Death Year: '1976' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Behaviorism; philosophy of mind - Philosopher: George Edward Moore Birth Year: '1873' Death Year: '1958' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Principia Ethica; common-sense philosophy - Philosopher: Oscar Wilde Birth Year: '1854' Death Year: '1900' Nationality: Irish Main Ideas/Contributions: Aestheticism; criticism of morality - Philosopher: Bertrand Russell Birth Year: '1872' Death Year: '1970' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Logic; analytical philosophy - Philosopher: Henry David Thoreau Birth Year: '1817' Death Year: '1862' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Transcendentalism; civil disobedience - Philosopher: Susan Sontag Birth Year: '1933' Death Year: '2004' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural criticism; photography - Philosopher: Jean-Paul Sartre Birth Year: '1905' Death Year: '1980' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Existentialism; freedom - Philosopher: Rudolf Carnap Birth Year: '1891' Death Year: '1970' Nationality: German/American Main Ideas/Contributions: Analytic philosophy; semantics - Philosopher: Hannah Arendt Birth Year: '1906' Death Year: '1975' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Political theory; totalitarianism - Philosopher: Martin Heidegger Birth Year: '1889' Death Year: '1976' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Phenomenology; existentialism - Philosopher: John Stuart Mill Birth Year: '1806' Death Year: '1873' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Utilitarianism; social liberty - Philosopher: Thomas Nagel Birth Year: '1937' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Mind and body; subjective experience - Philosopher: John Locke Birth Year: '1632' Death Year: '1704' Nationality: English Main Ideas/Contributions: Tabula rasa; empiricism - Philosopher: David Hume Birth Year: '1711' Death Year: '1776' Nationality: Scottish Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; skepticism - Philosopher: Immanuel Kant Birth Year: '1724' Death Year: '1804' Nationality: Prussian Main Ideas/Contributions: Transcendental philosophy; moral law - Philosopher: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Birth Year: '1770' Death Year: '1831' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Dialectical method; absolute idealism - Philosopher: Friedrich Nietzsche Birth Year: '1844' Death Year: '1900' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Will to power; critique of morality - Philosopher: Simone de Beauvoir Birth Year: '1908' Death Year: '1986' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminism; existentialism - Philosopher: "S\xF8ren Kierkegaard" Birth Year: '1813' Death Year: '1855' Nationality: Danish Main Ideas/Contributions: Existential philosophy; individualism - Philosopher: Alfred North Whitehead Birth Year: '1861' Death Year: '1947' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Process thought; metaphysics - Philosopher: Frantz Fanon Birth Year: '1925' Death Year: '1961' Nationality: French-Algerian Main Ideas/Contributions: Post-colonial theory; racism - Philosopher: Richard Dawkins Birth Year: '1941' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Biology; memetics; atheism - Philosopher: Edward Said Birth Year: '1935' Death Year: '2003' Nationality: Palestinian-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Orientalism; post-colonial criticism - Philosopher: John Griffiths Birth Year: '1952' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Biopolitics; political philosophy - Philosopher: Judith Butler Birth Year: '1956' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Gender theory; queer theory - Philosopher: Richard Rorty Birth Year: '1931' Death Year: '2007' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; language games - Philosopher: David Lewis Birth Year: '1941' Death Year: '2001' Nationality: Australian Main Ideas/Contributions: Possible worlds; modal realism - Philosopher: Michel Foucault Birth Year: '1926' Death Year: '1984' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Discourse; power relations; genealogy - Philosopher: Alasdair MacIntyre Birth Year: '1929' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Scottish Main Ideas/Contributions: Virtue ethics; narrative tradition - Philosopher: Daniel Dennett Birth Year: '1942' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; consciousness - Philosopher: Stephen Pinker Birth Year: '1954' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Canadian-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Cognitive science; psychology - Philosopher: Daniel Kahneman Birth Year: '1934' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Israeli-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Behavioral economics; cognitive biases - Philosopher: Donald Davidson Birth Year: '1917' Death Year: '2003' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Interpretation; action theory - Philosopher: Peter Singer Birth Year: '1946' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Australian Main Ideas/Contributions: Animal rights; utilitarian ethics - Philosopher: Ohm J. R. H. Birth Year: '1804' Death Year: '1978' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of perception; sociological dimensions - Philosopher: Robert Nozick Birth Year: '1938' Death Year: '2002' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Entitlement theory; libertarianism - Philosopher: Richard Wright Birth Year: '1908' Death Year: '1960' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Literature; civil rights - Philosopher: Clarence Thomas Birth Year: '1948' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Legal realism; originalism - Philosopher: Amartya Sen Birth Year: '1933' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Indian Main Ideas/Contributions: Development economics; social choice theory - Philosopher: Paul Feyerabend Birth Year: '1924' Death Year: '1994' Nationality: Austrian Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; anarchy - Philosopher: Niels Bohr Birth Year: '1885' Death Year: '1962' Nationality: Danish Main Ideas/Contributions: Quantum theory; philosophical implications - Philosopher: "Claude L\xE9vi-Strauss" Birth Year: '1908' Death Year: '2009' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Structural anthropology; myth - Philosopher: David Hume Birth Year: '1711' Death Year: '1776' Nationality: Scottish Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; naturalism) - Philosopher: Charles Sanders Peirce Birth Year: '1839' Death Year: '1914' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; semiotics - Philosopher: J.G. Fichte Birth Year: '1762' Death Year: '1814' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Transcendental idealism; self-consciousness - Philosopher: Gottlob Frege Birth Year: '1848' Death Year: '1925' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Logic; philosophy of language - Philosopher: Isaiah Berlin Birth Year: '1909' Death Year: '1997' Nationality: Russian-British Main Ideas/Contributions: Value pluralism; liberty - Philosopher: Peter F. Strawson Birth Year: '1919' Death Year: '2006' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; metaphysics - Philosopher: David Papineau Birth Year: '1947' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; philosophical naturalism - Philosopher: Nancy Cartwright Birth Year: '1944' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; explanation - Philosopher: Andrea Bianchi Birth Year: '1955' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Italian Main Ideas/Contributions: Overlapping models; structuralism - Philosopher: Thomas Reid Birth Year: '1710' Death Year: '1796' Nationality: Scottish Main Ideas/Contributions: Common sense philosophy; epistemology - Philosopher: Richard M. Hare Birth Year: '1919' Death Year: '2002' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Moral philosophy; prescriptivism - Philosopher: Hilary Putnam Birth Year: '1926' Death Year: '2016' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Realism; philosophy of mind - Philosopher: "Paul Ric\u0153ur" Birth Year: '1913' Death Year: '2005' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Narrative theory; hermeneutics - Philosopher: W. V. O. Quine Birth Year: '1908' Death Year: '2000' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; ontological relativity - Philosopher: Lucy Irigaray Birth Year: '1930' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Belgian Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist philosophy; subjectivity - Philosopher: Simon Critchley Birth Year: '1960' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Ethics; political philosophy - Philosopher: "J\xFCrgen Habermas" Birth Year: '1929' Death Year: .nan Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Communicative rationality; discourse ethics - Philosopher: Richard Rorty Birth Year: '1931' Death Year: '2007' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatic philosophy; anti-foundationalism - Philosopher: Charles Taylor Birth Year: '1931' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Canadian Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of social science; modernity - Philosopher: Thomas Nagel Birth Year: '1937' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; ethical theory - Philosopher: Orson Scott Card Birth Year: '1951' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Theology; literature and philosophy - Philosopher: Agnes Heller Birth Year: '1929' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Hungarian Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; ethics - Philosopher: Christina Hoff Sommers Birth Year: '1950' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist philosophy; equity - Philosopher: "Luc Nu\xF1ez" Birth Year: '1965' Death Year: .nan Nationality: European Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; psychoanalysis - Philosopher: Georg Simmel Birth Year: '1858' Death Year: '1918' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Sociology; social forms - Philosopher: Arthur Schopenhauer Birth Year: '1788' Death Year: '1860' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of pessimism; metaphysics - Philosopher: Leo Strauss Birth Year: '1899' Death Year: '1973' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; natural right - Philosopher: Jacques Derrida Birth Year: '1930' Death Year: '2004' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Deconstruction; poststructuralism - Philosopher: Friedrich Engels Birth Year: '1820' Death Year: '1895' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Socialism; dialectical materialism - Philosopher: Arthur Danto Birth Year: '1924' Death Year: '2013' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of art; end of art - Philosopher: Wolfgang Iser Birth Year: '1926' Death Year: .nan Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Reader-response theory; literary criticism - Philosopher: Seyla Benhabib Birth Year: '1951' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Turkish-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; cosmopolitanism - Philosopher: Alain de Botton Birth Year: '1969' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Swiss-British Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy and literature; happiness - Philosopher: Willy E. P. Rechnitz Birth Year: '1930' Death Year: '2021' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of youth; social justice - Philosopher: Timothy Crusius Birth Year: '1966' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Rhetoric; ethics - Philosopher: Susan Haack Birth Year: '1945' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; epistemology - Philosopher: Richard Feynman Birth Year: '1918' Death Year: '1988' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Physics; philosophy of science - Philosopher: Afromusicality Birth Year: Year Year Death Year: Year Year Nationality: Country Main Ideas/Contributions: Transatlantic slavery; creative art - Philosopher: Richard Kearney Birth Year: '1954' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Irish Main Ideas/Contributions: Phenomenology; narrative theory - Philosopher: Julia Kristeva Birth Year: '1941' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Bulgarian-French Main Ideas/Contributions: Psychoanalysis; semiotics - Philosopher: Mikhail Bakhtin Birth Year: '1895' Death Year: '1975' Nationality: Russian Main Ideas/Contributions: Literary theory; dialogism - Philosopher: Ruth Amossy Birth Year: '1944' Death Year: .nan Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Sociology; discourse analysis - Philosopher: Robert B. Brandom Birth Year: '1950' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Inference; meaning; language - Philosopher: Russell Kirk Birth Year: '1918' Death Year: '1994' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Conservatism; tradition - Philosopher: Yascha Mounk Birth Year: '1982' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Political theory; democracy - Philosopher: Mark S. K. Smith Birth Year: '1954' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Environmental philosophy; social justice - Philosopher: Mary Midgley Birth Year: '1919' Death Year: '2018' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Animal ethics; philosophy of science - Philosopher: Eric Voegelin Birth Year: '1901' Death Year: '1985' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosopher; Gnosticism - Philosopher: Richard Kraut Birth Year: '1941' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Ancient philosophy; Aristotle - Philosopher: Doris Lessing Birth Year: '1919' Death Year: '2013' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Narrative construction; feminism - Philosopher: Viktor Frankl Birth Year: '1905' Death Year: '1997' Nationality: Austrian Main Ideas/Contributions: Logotherapy; existentialism - Philosopher: Rudiger Safranski Birth Year: '1945' Death Year: .nan Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of life; romanticism - Philosopher: Herbert Marcuse Birth Year: '1898' Death Year: '1979' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Revolutionary theory; critical theory - Philosopher: Daniel C. Dennett Birth Year: '1942' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Consciousness; philosophy of mind - Philosopher: Thomas Nagel Birth Year: '1937' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; subjective experience - Philosopher: Ludwig Wittgenstein Birth Year: '1889' Death Year: '1951' Nationality: Austrian-British Main Ideas/Contributions: Language; logic; meaning - Philosopher: George Edward Moore Birth Year: '1873' Death Year: '1958' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Common sense philosophy; ethics - Philosopher: Gustav Landauer Birth Year: '1870' Death Year: '1919' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Anarchism; sociology - Philosopher: John Sherlock Birth Year: Year Year Death Year: Year Year Nationality: Country Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; visual principles - Philosopher: Alfred Tarski Birth Year: '1901' Death Year: '1983' Nationality: Polish-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Semantic theory; truth theories - Philosopher: Lucian Goldmann Birth Year: '1913' Death Year: '1970' Nationality: Romanian Main Ideas/Contributions: Sociology; literature - Philosopher: Jean-Paul Sartre Birth Year: '1905' Death Year: '1980' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Existentialism; humanism - Philosopher: Bitnoruparen Birth Year: '1945' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Broad-inner Main Ideas/Contributions: Epistemic practices; identity - Philosopher: Emma Goldman Birth Year: '1869' Death Year: '1940' Nationality: Lithuanian-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Anarchism; feminism - Philosopher: Wilhelm Dilthey Birth Year: '1833' Death Year: '1911' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Hermeneutics; life philosophy - Philosopher: Nelson Goodman Birth Year: '1906' Death Year: '1998' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of art; constructionism - Philosopher: Rudolph Arnheim Birth Year: '1904' Death Year: '2007' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Visual perception; aesthetics - Philosopher: Richard John Neuhaus Birth Year: '1936' Death Year: '2009' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Political theology; public philosophy - Philosopher: Tzvetan Todorov Birth Year: '1939' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Bulgarian-French Main Ideas/Contributions: Literary theory; cultural criticism - Philosopher: Reinhold Niebuhr Birth Year: '1892' Death Year: '1971' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Christian realism; political theology - Philosopher: Victor Turner Birth Year: '1920' Death Year: '1983' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Ritual studies; social anthropology - Philosopher: Judith Harris Birth Year: '1948' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Parenting and intelligence; cognitive psychology - Philosopher: Simon A. M. Peat Birth Year: '1940' Death Year: .nan Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Quantum theory; consciousness - Philosopher: Charles Taylor Birth Year: '1931' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Canadian Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; secularism - Philosopher: Chantal Mouffe Birth Year: '1943' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Belgian Main Ideas/Contributions: Political theory; agonistic democracy - Philosopher: Peter van Inwagen Birth Year: '1942' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Metaphysics; philosophy of religion - Philosopher: Susan Crean Birth Year: Year Year Death Year: Year Year Nationality: Country Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of law; sociological aspects - Philosopher: C.S. Peirce Birth Year: '1839' Death Year: '1914' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; logic - Philosopher: Alain Badiou Birth Year: '1937' Death Year: .nan Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Event; truth; ontology - Philosopher: David Graeber Birth Year: '1961' Death Year: '2020' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Anthropology; economics; activism - Philosopher: Achille Mbembe Birth Year: '1957' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Cameroonian Main Ideas/Contributions: Postcolonial theory; necropolitics - Philosopher: Siegfried Kracauer Birth Year: '1889' Death Year: '1966' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Film theory; sociology - Philosopher: David Hume Birth Year: '1711' Death Year: '1776' Nationality: Scottish Main Ideas/Contributions: Skepticism; empiricism - Philosopher: Paul Ricoeur Birth Year: '1913' Death Year: '2005' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Hermeneutics; narrative - Philosopher: "Jacques Ranci\xE8re" Birth Year: '1940' Death Year: .nan Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Politics; aesthetics - Philosopher: Martha Nussbaum Birth Year: '1947' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Capabilities approach; social justice - Philosopher: Simone de Beauvoir Birth Year: '1908' Death Year: '1986' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminism; existential ethics - Philosopher: Ralph Waldo Emerson Birth Year: '1803' Death Year: '1882' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Transcendentalism; individualism - Philosopher: Johann Gottlieb Fichte Birth Year: '1762' Death Year: '1814' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Transcendental idealism; self - Philosopher: William James Birth Year: '1842' Death Year: '1910' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; psychology - Philosopher: Albert Einstein Birth Year: '1879' Death Year: '1955' Nationality: German-American Main Ideas/Contributions: Relativity; philosophy of science - Philosopher: Ferdinand de Saussure Birth Year: '1857' Death Year: '1913' Nationality: Swiss Main Ideas/Contributions: Linguistics; semiology - Philosopher: Albert Camus Birth Year: '1913' Death Year: '1960' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Absurdism; existentialism - Philosopher: John Stuart Mill Birth Year: '1806' Death Year: '1873' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Utilitarianism; liberty - Philosopher: Arthur Schopenhauer Birth Year: '1788' Death Year: '1860' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Pessimism; will to live - Philosopher: Francis Bacon Birth Year: '1561' Death Year: '1626' Nationality: English Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; scientific method - Philosopher: Thomas Hobbes Birth Year: '1588' Death Year: '1679' Nationality: English Main Ideas/Contributions: Leviathan; social contract theory - Philosopher: Max Weber Birth Year: '1864' Death Year: '1920' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Sociology; bureaucracy - Philosopher: Friedrich Nietzsche Birth Year: '1844' Death Year: '1900' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Will to power; eternal return - Philosopher: Rudolf Carnap Birth Year: '1891' Death Year: '1970' Nationality: Austrian Main Ideas/Contributions: Logical positivism; philosophy of language - Philosopher: John Locke Birth Year: '1632' Death Year: '1704' Nationality: English Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; political philosophy - Philosopher: "S\xF8ren Kierkegaard" Birth Year: '1813' Death Year: '1855' Nationality: Danish Main Ideas/Contributions: Christian existentialism; subjectivity - Philosopher: Virginia Woolf Birth Year: '1882' Death Year: '1941' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Modernist literature; gender studies - Philosopher: Henri Bergson Birth Year: '1859' Death Year: '1941' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Time and consciousness; intuition - Philosopher: David Hume Birth Year: '1711' Death Year: '1776' Nationality: Scottish Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; skepticism - Philosopher: "J\xFCrgen Habermas" Birth Year: '1929' Death Year: .nan Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Public sphere; critical theory - Philosopher: Giorgio Agamben Birth Year: '1942' Death Year: .nan Nationality: Italian Main Ideas/Contributions: Biopolitics; state of exception - Philosopher: Simone Weil Birth Year: '1909' Death Year: '1943' Nationality: French Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; attention - Philosopher: C. D. Broad Birth Year: '1887' Death Year: '1971' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; metaphysics - Philosopher: Angela Davis Birth Year: '1944' Death Year: .nan Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Civil rights; prison abolitionism - Philosopher: Roger Scruton Birth Year: '1944' Death Year: '2020' Nationality: British Main Ideas/Contributions: Conservatism; aesthetics - Philosopher: Richard Rorty Birth Year: '1931' Death Year: '2007' Nationality: American Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; anti-essentialism - Philosopher: Satyajit Ray Birth Year: '1921' Death Year: '1992' Nationality: Indian Main Ideas/Contributions: Cinema; art theory - Philosopher: Walter Benjamin Birth Year: '1892' Death Year: '1940' Nationality: German Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of art; aura of art