- Philosopher: Thales
  Birth Year: 624 BC
  Death Year: 546 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: First philosopher; naturalism and cosmology
- Philosopher: Anaximander
  Birth Year: 610 BC
  Death Year: 546 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Apeiron; early cosmology
- Philosopher: Anaximenes
  Birth Year: 586 BC
  Death Year: 528 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Air as the primary substance
- Philosopher: Pythagoras
  Birth Year: 570 BC
  Death Year: 495 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Mathematics, mysticism, and the theory of forms
- Philosopher: Hippocrates
  Birth Year: 460 BC
  Death Year: 370 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Medicine as a profession; Hippocratic Oath
- Philosopher: Socrates
  Birth Year: 470 BC
  Death Year: 399 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Socratic method; ethics
- Philosopher: Plato
  Birth Year: 427 BC
  Death Year: 347 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Theory of Forms; epistemology; the ideal state
- Philosopher: Aristotle
  Birth Year: 384 BC
  Death Year: 322 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; ethics; politics; logic
- Philosopher: Epicurus
  Birth Year: 341 BC
  Death Year: 270 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pleasure principle; atomism
- Philosopher: Zeno of Citium
  Birth Year: 334 BC
  Death Year: 262 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Stoicism; virtue ethics
- Philosopher: Diogenes
  Birth Year: 400 BC
  Death Year: 323 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Cynicism; simplicity
- Philosopher: Protagoras
  Birth Year: 490 BC
  Death Year: 420 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Relativism; man is the measure
- Philosopher: Heraclitus
  Birth Year: 535 BC
  Death Year: 475 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Change as central to the universe
- Philosopher: Parmenides
  Birth Year: 515 BC
  Death Year: 450 BC
  Nationality: Greek
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Being and the nature of reality
- Philosopher: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
  Birth Year: '1646'
  Death Year: '1716'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Calculus; Monadology
- Philosopher: "Ren\xE9 Descartes"
  Birth Year: '1596'
  Death Year: '1650'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Cogito; Cartesian coordinates; dualism
- Philosopher: David Hume
  Birth Year: '1711'
  Death Year: '1776'
  Nationality: Scottish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; skepticism; naturalism
- Philosopher: Immanuel Kant
  Birth Year: '1724'
  Death Year: '1804'
  Nationality: Prussian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Categorical imperative; transcendental idealism
- Philosopher: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
  Birth Year: '1770'
  Death Year: '1831'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Dialectics; absolute idealism
- Philosopher: Friedrich Nietzsche
  Birth Year: '1844'
  Death Year: '1900'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Will to power; eternal recurrence; nihilism
- Philosopher: John Stuart Mill
  Birth Year: '1806'
  Death Year: '1873'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Utilitarianism; liberty and individual rights
- Philosopher: Thomas Hobbes
  Birth Year: '1588'
  Death Year: '1679'
  Nationality: English
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Social contract; materialism
- Philosopher: John Locke
  Birth Year: '1632'
  Death Year: '1704'
  Nationality: English
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Tabula rasa; liberalism
- Philosopher: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  Birth Year: '1712'
  Death Year: '1778'
  Nationality: Swiss/French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Social contract; general will
- Philosopher: Simone de Beauvoir
  Birth Year: '1908'
  Death Year: '1986'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminism; existentialism
- Philosopher: Martin Heidegger
  Birth Year: '1889'
  Death Year: '1976'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Being-in-the-world; existential phenomenology
- Philosopher: Albert Camus
  Birth Year: '1913'
  Death Year: '1960'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Absurdism; the myth of Sisyphus
- Philosopher: "S\xF8ren Kierkegaard"
  Birth Year: '1813'
  Death Year: '1855'
  Nationality: Danish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Existentialism; subjectivity
- Philosopher: John Dewey
  Birth Year: '1859'
  Death Year: '1952'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; democracy in education
- Philosopher: Bertrand Russell
  Birth Year: '1872'
  Death Year: '1970'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Analytic philosophy; social criticism
- Philosopher: Ludwig Wittgenstein
  Birth Year: '1889'
  Death Year: '1951'
  Nationality: Austrian/British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Language games; meaning as use
- Philosopher: "J\xFCrgen Habermas"
  Birth Year: '1929'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: The public sphere; communicative action
- Philosopher: Michel Foucault
  Birth Year: '1926'
  Death Year: '1984'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Power/knowledge; discourse analysis
- Philosopher: Jacques Derrida
  Birth Year: '1930'
  Death Year: '2004'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: "Deconstruction; diff\xE9rance"
- Philosopher: Paul Ricoeur
  Birth Year: '1913'
  Death Year: '2005'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Hermeneutics; narrative identity
- Philosopher: Alasdair MacIntyre
  Birth Year: '1929'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Scottish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Virtue ethics; tradition
- Philosopher: Richard Rorty
  Birth Year: '1931'
  Death Year: '2007'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatic pluralism
- Philosopher: Thomas Nagel
  Birth Year: '1937'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Consciousness; subjective/objective distinction
- Philosopher: Daniel Dennett
  Birth Year: '1942'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; consciousness as evolution
- Philosopher: Rudolf Carnap
  Birth Year: '1891'
  Death Year: '1970'
  Nationality: German/American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Logical positivism; philosophy of science
- Philosopher: Willard Van Orman Quine
  Birth Year: '1908'
  Death Year: '2000'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Indeterminacy of translation; holism
- Philosopher: Judith Butler
  Birth Year: '1956'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Gender theory; performativity
- Philosopher: "Slavoj \u017Di\u017Eek"
  Birth Year: '1949'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Slovenian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Psychoanalysis; cultural critique
- Philosopher: Martha Nussbaum
  Birth Year: '1947'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Capabilities approach; ethics
- Philosopher: Hannah Arendt
  Birth Year: '1906'
  Death Year: '1975'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political theory; totalitarianism
- Philosopher: Pierre Bourdieu
  Birth Year: '1930'
  Death Year: '2002'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural capital; habitus
- Philosopher: Thomas Kuhn
  Birth Year: '1922'
  Death Year: '1996'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Structure of scientific revolutions
- Philosopher: Isaiah Berlin
  Birth Year: '1909'
  Death Year: '1997'
  Nationality: Russian/British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Value pluralism; two concepts of liberty
- Philosopher: Michael Sandel
  Birth Year: '1953'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Communitarianism; justice theory
- Philosopher: Frantz Fanon
  Birth Year: '1925'
  Death Year: '1961'
  Nationality: French-Algerian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Post-colonial theory; the wretched of the earth
- Philosopher: Simone Weil
  Birth Year: '1909'
  Death Year: '1943'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Affection and attention; philosophy of work
- Philosopher: Rainer Maria Rilke
  Birth Year: '1875'
  Death Year: '1926'
  Nationality: Austrian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Existential themes in poetry
- Philosopher: David Lewis
  Birth Year: '1941'
  Death Year: '2001'
  Nationality: Australian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Modal realism; philosophy of language
- Philosopher: John Searle
  Birth Year: '1932'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Language; consciousness; social reality
- Philosopher: Julia Kristeva
  Birth Year: '1941'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Bulgarian-French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Psychoanalysis; semiotics
- Philosopher: Niels Bohr
  Birth Year: '1885'
  Death Year: '1962'
  Nationality: Danish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Quantum theory; complementarity
- Philosopher: Albert Einstein
  Birth Year: '1879'
  Death Year: '1955'
  Nationality: German/Swiss-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Theory of relativity; philosophy of science
- Philosopher: Karl Popper
  Birth Year: '1902'
  Death Year: '1994'
  Nationality: Austrian-British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Falsifiability; scientific method
- Philosopher: Angela Davis
  Birth Year: '1944'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Civil rights; feminism
- Philosopher: Richard Dawkins
  Birth Year: '1941'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Evolutionary biology; science and religion
- Philosopher: John Rawls
  Birth Year: '1921'
  Death Year: '2002'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Justice as fairness; political liberalism
- Philosopher: Robert Nozick
  Birth Year: '1938'
  Death Year: '2002'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Libertarianism; entitlement theory
- Philosopher: David Chalmers
  Birth Year: '1966'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Australian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Consciousness; the hard problem
- Philosopher: Peter Singer
  Birth Year: '1946'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Australian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Animal rights; utilitarianism
- Philosopher: Cornel West
  Birth Year: '1953'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Social justice; race; democracy
- Philosopher: Zygmunt Bauman
  Birth Year: '1925'
  Death Year: '2017'
  Nationality: Polish-British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Liquid modernity; postmodernity
- Philosopher: Byung-Chul Han
  Birth Year: '1959'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: South Korean
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Society of exhaustion; digital culture
- Philosopher: Susan Haack
  Birth Year: '1945'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; epistemology
- Philosopher: John Paul II
  Birth Year: '1920'
  Death Year: '2005'
  Nationality: Polish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of human dignity; social ethics
- Philosopher: Catherine Malabou
  Birth Year: '1959'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Neurophilosophy; plasticity
- Philosopher: Iris Murdoch
  Birth Year: '1919'
  Death Year: '1999'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Love and ethics; moral philosophy
- Philosopher: Richard Tarnas
  Birth Year: '1950'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural philosophy; archetypal psychology
- Philosopher: Clark Glymour
  Birth Year: '1943'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; causal inference
- Philosopher: "Linda Mart\xEDn Alcoff"
  Birth Year: '1948'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist epistemology; race theory
- Philosopher: Robert Brandom
  Birth Year: '1950'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Inferentialism; semantics
- Philosopher: Daniel Kahneman
  Birth Year: '1934'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Israeli-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Behavioral economics; judgment
- Philosopher: Amartya Sen
  Birth Year: '1933'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Indian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Welfare economics; capabilities approach
- Philosopher: Ruth Millikan
  Birth Year: '1933'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Biological classification; language
- Philosopher: Elizabeth Anscombe
  Birth Year: '1910'
  Death Year: '2001'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Action theory; intention
- Philosopher: Bernard Lonergan
  Birth Year: '1904'
  Death Year: '1984'
  Nationality: Canadian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Cognitional theory; theological ethics
- Philosopher: Nancy Fraser
  Birth Year: '1947'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist theory; social justice
- Philosopher: Joanna Bourke
  Birth Year: '1955'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: War and gender; history
- Philosopher: Simone de Beauvoir
  Birth Year: '1908'
  Death Year: '1986'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Existential feminism; ethics of ambiguity
- Philosopher: Karl Marx
  Birth Year: '1818'
  Death Year: '1883'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Historical materialism; capitalism critique
- Philosopher: Friedrich Engels
  Birth Year: '1820'
  Death Year: '1895'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Socialism; materialist conception of history
- Philosopher: Eduard Bernstein
  Birth Year: '1850'
  Death Year: '1932'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Revisionism in socialism; democratic socialism
- Philosopher: Antonio Gramsci
  Birth Year: '1891'
  Death Year: '1937'
  Nationality: Italian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural hegemony; marxist theory
- Philosopher: Herbert Marcuse
  Birth Year: '1898'
  Death Year: '1979'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; one-dimensional man
- Philosopher: Michel de Certeau
  Birth Year: '1925'
  Death Year: '1986'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: The practice of everyday life; cultural practices
- Philosopher: Max Horkheimer
  Birth Year: '1895'
  Death Year: '1973'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; social philosophy
- Philosopher: Theodore Adorno
  Birth Year: '1903'
  Death Year: '1969'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; aesthetics; culture industry
- Philosopher: Giorgio Agamben
  Birth Year: '1942'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Italian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: State of exception; biopolitics
- Philosopher: Rosi Braidotti
  Birth Year: '1954'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Italian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Posthumanism; feminist philosophy
- Philosopher: Judith Butler
  Birth Year: '1956'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Gender performativity; queer theory
- Philosopher: "Slavoj \u017Di\u017Eek"
  Birth Year: '1949'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Slovenian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural critiques; ideology critique
- Philosopher: Richard Rorty
  Birth Year: '1931'
  Death Year: '2007'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism
- Philosopher: Bertrand Russell
  Birth Year: '1872'
  Death Year: '1970'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Analytical philosophy; logic
- Philosopher: Jacques Derrida
  Birth Year: '1930'
  Death Year: '2004'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Deconstruction; post-structuralism
- Philosopher: John Deely
  Birth Year: '1939'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Semiotics; philosophy of signs
- Philosopher: Timothy Williamson
  Birth Year: '1955'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Knowledge and logic; epistemology
- Philosopher: Robert Brandom
  Birth Year: '1950'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Inference and meaning; scorekeeping
- Philosopher: David K. Lewis
  Birth Year: '1941'
  Death Year: '2001'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Modal realism; possible worlds
- Philosopher: Stephen Mulhall
  Birth Year: '1968'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy and literature; hermeneutics
- Philosopher: Daniel Dennett
  Birth Year: '1942'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; free will
- Philosopher: Peter Godfrey-Smith
  Birth Year: '1956'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Australian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of biology; consciousness
- Philosopher: "Elizabeth Mill\xE1n"
  Birth Year: '1970'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; logic
- Philosopher: Simon Blackburn
  Birth Year: '1944'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Moral philosophy; expressivism
- Philosopher: Nancy Cartwright
  Birth Year: '1944'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; scientific models
- Philosopher: Jesse Prinz
  Birth Year: '1966'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; aesthetics
- Philosopher: Tamler Sommers
  Birth Year: '1974'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of moral responsibility
- Philosopher: "J\xFCrgen Habermas"
  Birth Year: '1929'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Public sphere; communicative rationality
- Philosopher: Elizabeth Anscombe
  Birth Year: '1910'
  Death Year: '2001'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Moral philosophy; intention
- Philosopher: Micro-Macroeconomics
  Birth Year: Year Year
  Death Year: Year Year
  Nationality: Country
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Economics; Greater Awareness
- Philosopher: John Searle
  Birth Year: '1932'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Language; consciousness; social reality
- Philosopher: Martha Nussbaum
  Birth Year: '1947'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Capabilities approach; philosophy of emotion
- Philosopher: Ludwig Feuerbach
  Birth Year: '1804'
  Death Year: '1872'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Materialism; critique of religion
- Philosopher: David Hartley
  Birth Year: '1705'
  Death Year: '1757'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Associationism; psychology
- Philosopher: Baruch Spinoza
  Birth Year: '1632'
  Death Year: '1677'
  Nationality: Dutch
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Ethics; rationalism
- Philosopher: David Hume
  Birth Year: '1711'
  Death Year: '1776'
  Nationality: Scottish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; skepticism
- Philosopher: Bertrand Russell
  Birth Year: '1872'
  Death Year: '1970'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Analytic philosophy; logic
- Philosopher: Alfred North Whitehead
  Birth Year: '1861'
  Death Year: '1947'
  Nationality: British-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Process philosophy; metaphysics
- Philosopher: "S\xF8ren Kierkegaard"
  Birth Year: '1813'
  Death Year: '1855'
  Nationality: Danish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Existentialism; subjectivity
- Philosopher: Paul Feyerabend
  Birth Year: '1924'
  Death Year: '1994'
  Nationality: Austrian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Epistemological anarchism; philosophy of science
- Philosopher: George Herbert Mead
  Birth Year: '1863'
  Death Year: '1931'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Symbolic interactionism; social psychology
- Philosopher: Wilfrid Sellars
  Birth Year: '1912'
  Death Year: '1989'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; scientific realism
- Philosopher: Michael Dummett
  Birth Year: '1925'
  Death Year: '2011'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; anti-realism
- Philosopher: Richard Rorty
  Birth Year: '1931'
  Death Year: '2007'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism
- Philosopher: Timothy Williamson
  Birth Year: '1955'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Epistemology; knowledge
- Philosopher: Hilary Putnam
  Birth Year: '1926'
  Death Year: '2016'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; realism/anti-realism
- Philosopher: Marilyn Frye
  Birth Year: '1941'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist philosophy; oppression
- Philosopher: Estelle Disch
  Birth Year: '1947'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist theory; political philosophy
- Philosopher: Kristin A. G. Chalmers
  Birth Year: '1946'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Social Philosophy; Gender
- Philosopher: M. T. L. Chen
  Birth Year: '1948'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Moral Philosophy; ethics
- Philosopher: Luigi Pareyson
  Birth Year: '1918'
  Death Year: '1992'
  Nationality: Italian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Hermeneutics; aesthetics
- Philosopher: Henri Bergson
  Birth Year: '1859'
  Death Year: '1941'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Time and consciousness; creative evolution
- Philosopher: Samuel Alexander
  Birth Year: '1859'
  Death Year: '1938'
  Nationality: Australian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Aesthetic experience; philosophy of space
- Philosopher: Alfred Tarski
  Birth Year: '1901'
  Death Year: '1983'
  Nationality: Polish-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Semantics; truth
- Philosopher: Yascha Mounk
  Birth Year: '1982'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political Philosophy; Democracy
- Philosopher: Drucilla Cornell
  Birth Year: '1946'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; feminist philosophy
- Philosopher: Michael Sandel
  Birth Year: '1953'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; communitarianism
- Philosopher: M. M. Nussbaum
  Birth Year: '1947'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; capabilities approach
- Philosopher: Walter Benjamin
  Birth Year: '1892'
  Death Year: '1940'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural criticism; aesthetic theory
- Philosopher: Giorgio Agamben
  Birth Year: '1942'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Italian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Biopolitics; state of exception
- Philosopher: Alfred North Whitehead
  Birth Year: '1861'
  Death Year: '1947'
  Nationality: British-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Process philosophy; metaphysics
- Philosopher: Simone Weil
  Birth Year: '1909'
  Death Year: '1943'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of work; political philosophy
- Philosopher: Arnold Geulincx
  Birth Year: '1625'
  Death Year: '1695'
  Nationality: Flemish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Occasionalism; philosophy of mind
- Philosopher: Max Scheler
  Birth Year: '1874'
  Death Year: '1928'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Phenomenology; value theory
- Philosopher: Benedict de Spinoza
  Birth Year: '1632'
  Death Year: '1677'
  Nationality: Dutch
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Ethics; rationalism; pantheism
- Philosopher: Herbert Marcuse
  Birth Year: '1898'
  Death Year: '1979'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Radical theory; critical theory
- Philosopher: Robert Brandom
  Birth Year: '1950'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Semantic inferentialism; language
- Philosopher: Leo Strauss
  Birth Year: '1899'
  Death Year: '1973'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; moderation
- Philosopher: Ludwig Wittgenstein
  Birth Year: '1889'
  Death Year: '1951'
  Nationality: Austrian-British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; meaning
- Philosopher: Jacques Lacan
  Birth Year: '1901'
  Death Year: '1981'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Psychoanalysis; the Real, the Imaginary, the Symbolic
- Philosopher: Richard M. Rorty
  Birth Year: '1931'
  Death Year: '2007'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: The linguistic turn; pragmatism
- Philosopher: David Papineau
  Birth Year: '1947'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; philosophy of mind
- Philosopher: Noam Chomsky
  Birth Year: '1928'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Linguistics; political philosophy
- Philosopher: Timothy Williamson
  Birth Year: '1955'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Knowledge and epistemology
- Philosopher: Iris Murdoch
  Birth Year: '1919'
  Death Year: '1999'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Morality; existentialism
- Philosopher: Martin Buber
  Birth Year: '1878'
  Death Year: '1965'
  Nationality: Austrian-Israeli
  Main Ideas/Contributions: I-Thou relation; dialogue
- Philosopher: Arthur Schopenhauer
  Birth Year: '1788'
  Death Year: '1860'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pessimism; will to live
- Philosopher: Adolf Reinach
  Birth Year: '1883'
  Death Year: '1917'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Phenomenology; social ontology
- Philosopher: "\xC9mile Durkheim"
  Birth Year: '1858'
  Death Year: '1917'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Sociology; structural functionalism
- Philosopher: C. D. Broad
  Birth Year: '1887'
  Death Year: '1971'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; metaphysics
- Philosopher: Alexis de Tocqueville
  Birth Year: '1805'
  Death Year: '1859'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; democracy
- Philosopher: Paul Ricoeur
  Birth Year: '1913'
  Death Year: '2005'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Hermeneutics; narrative identity
- Philosopher: "Jean-Fran\xE7ois Lyotard"
  Birth Year: '1924'
  Death Year: '1998'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Postmodernism; the sublime
- Philosopher: Paul Tillich
  Birth Year: '1886'
  Death Year: '1965'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Theology; existentialism
- Philosopher: Josef Breuer
  Birth Year: '1842'
  Death Year: '1925'
  Nationality: Austrian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Psychoanalysis; psychological research
- Philosopher: Gilbert Ryle
  Birth Year: '1900'
  Death Year: '1976'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Behaviorism; philosophy of mind
- Philosopher: George Edward Moore
  Birth Year: '1873'
  Death Year: '1958'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Principia Ethica; common-sense philosophy
- Philosopher: Oscar Wilde
  Birth Year: '1854'
  Death Year: '1900'
  Nationality: Irish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Aestheticism; criticism of morality
- Philosopher: Bertrand Russell
  Birth Year: '1872'
  Death Year: '1970'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Logic; analytical philosophy
- Philosopher: Henry David Thoreau
  Birth Year: '1817'
  Death Year: '1862'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Transcendentalism; civil disobedience
- Philosopher: Susan Sontag
  Birth Year: '1933'
  Death Year: '2004'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Cultural criticism; photography
- Philosopher: Jean-Paul Sartre
  Birth Year: '1905'
  Death Year: '1980'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Existentialism; freedom
- Philosopher: Rudolf Carnap
  Birth Year: '1891'
  Death Year: '1970'
  Nationality: German/American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Analytic philosophy; semantics
- Philosopher: Hannah Arendt
  Birth Year: '1906'
  Death Year: '1975'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political theory; totalitarianism
- Philosopher: Martin Heidegger
  Birth Year: '1889'
  Death Year: '1976'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Phenomenology; existentialism
- Philosopher: John Stuart Mill
  Birth Year: '1806'
  Death Year: '1873'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Utilitarianism; social liberty
- Philosopher: Thomas Nagel
  Birth Year: '1937'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Mind and body; subjective experience
- Philosopher: John Locke
  Birth Year: '1632'
  Death Year: '1704'
  Nationality: English
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Tabula rasa; empiricism
- Philosopher: David Hume
  Birth Year: '1711'
  Death Year: '1776'
  Nationality: Scottish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; skepticism
- Philosopher: Immanuel Kant
  Birth Year: '1724'
  Death Year: '1804'
  Nationality: Prussian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Transcendental philosophy; moral law
- Philosopher: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
  Birth Year: '1770'
  Death Year: '1831'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Dialectical method; absolute idealism
- Philosopher: Friedrich Nietzsche
  Birth Year: '1844'
  Death Year: '1900'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Will to power; critique of morality
- Philosopher: Simone de Beauvoir
  Birth Year: '1908'
  Death Year: '1986'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminism; existentialism
- Philosopher: "S\xF8ren Kierkegaard"
  Birth Year: '1813'
  Death Year: '1855'
  Nationality: Danish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Existential philosophy; individualism
- Philosopher: Alfred North Whitehead
  Birth Year: '1861'
  Death Year: '1947'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Process thought; metaphysics
- Philosopher: Frantz Fanon
  Birth Year: '1925'
  Death Year: '1961'
  Nationality: French-Algerian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Post-colonial theory; racism
- Philosopher: Richard Dawkins
  Birth Year: '1941'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Biology; memetics; atheism
- Philosopher: Edward Said
  Birth Year: '1935'
  Death Year: '2003'
  Nationality: Palestinian-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Orientalism; post-colonial criticism
- Philosopher: John Griffiths
  Birth Year: '1952'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Biopolitics; political philosophy
- Philosopher: Judith Butler
  Birth Year: '1956'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Gender theory; queer theory
- Philosopher: Richard Rorty
  Birth Year: '1931'
  Death Year: '2007'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; language games
- Philosopher: David Lewis
  Birth Year: '1941'
  Death Year: '2001'
  Nationality: Australian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Possible worlds; modal realism
- Philosopher: Michel Foucault
  Birth Year: '1926'
  Death Year: '1984'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Discourse; power relations; genealogy
- Philosopher: Alasdair MacIntyre
  Birth Year: '1929'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Scottish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Virtue ethics; narrative tradition
- Philosopher: Daniel Dennett
  Birth Year: '1942'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; consciousness
- Philosopher: Stephen Pinker
  Birth Year: '1954'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Canadian-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Cognitive science; psychology
- Philosopher: Daniel Kahneman
  Birth Year: '1934'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Israeli-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Behavioral economics; cognitive biases
- Philosopher: Donald Davidson
  Birth Year: '1917'
  Death Year: '2003'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Interpretation; action theory
- Philosopher: Peter Singer
  Birth Year: '1946'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Australian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Animal rights; utilitarian ethics
- Philosopher: Ohm J. R. H.
  Birth Year: '1804'
  Death Year: '1978'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of perception; sociological dimensions
- Philosopher: Robert Nozick
  Birth Year: '1938'
  Death Year: '2002'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Entitlement theory; libertarianism
- Philosopher: Richard Wright
  Birth Year: '1908'
  Death Year: '1960'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Literature; civil rights
- Philosopher: Clarence Thomas
  Birth Year: '1948'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Legal realism; originalism
- Philosopher: Amartya Sen
  Birth Year: '1933'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Indian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Development economics; social choice theory
- Philosopher: Paul Feyerabend
  Birth Year: '1924'
  Death Year: '1994'
  Nationality: Austrian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; anarchy
- Philosopher: Niels Bohr
  Birth Year: '1885'
  Death Year: '1962'
  Nationality: Danish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Quantum theory; philosophical implications
- Philosopher: "Claude L\xE9vi-Strauss"
  Birth Year: '1908'
  Death Year: '2009'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Structural anthropology; myth
- Philosopher: David Hume
  Birth Year: '1711'
  Death Year: '1776'
  Nationality: Scottish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; naturalism)
- Philosopher: Charles Sanders Peirce
  Birth Year: '1839'
  Death Year: '1914'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; semiotics
- Philosopher: J.G. Fichte
  Birth Year: '1762'
  Death Year: '1814'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Transcendental idealism; self-consciousness
- Philosopher: Gottlob Frege
  Birth Year: '1848'
  Death Year: '1925'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Logic; philosophy of language
- Philosopher: Isaiah Berlin
  Birth Year: '1909'
  Death Year: '1997'
  Nationality: Russian-British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Value pluralism; liberty
- Philosopher: Peter F. Strawson
  Birth Year: '1919'
  Death Year: '2006'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; metaphysics
- Philosopher: David Papineau
  Birth Year: '1947'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; philosophical naturalism
- Philosopher: Nancy Cartwright
  Birth Year: '1944'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; explanation
- Philosopher: Andrea Bianchi
  Birth Year: '1955'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Italian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Overlapping models; structuralism
- Philosopher: Thomas Reid
  Birth Year: '1710'
  Death Year: '1796'
  Nationality: Scottish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Common sense philosophy; epistemology
- Philosopher: Richard M. Hare
  Birth Year: '1919'
  Death Year: '2002'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Moral philosophy; prescriptivism
- Philosopher: Hilary Putnam
  Birth Year: '1926'
  Death Year: '2016'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Realism; philosophy of mind
- Philosopher: "Paul Ric\u0153ur"
  Birth Year: '1913'
  Death Year: '2005'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Narrative theory; hermeneutics
- Philosopher: W. V. O. Quine
  Birth Year: '1908'
  Death Year: '2000'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; ontological relativity
- Philosopher: Lucy Irigaray
  Birth Year: '1930'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Belgian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist philosophy; subjectivity
- Philosopher: Simon Critchley
  Birth Year: '1960'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Ethics; political philosophy
- Philosopher: "J\xFCrgen Habermas"
  Birth Year: '1929'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Communicative rationality; discourse ethics
- Philosopher: Richard Rorty
  Birth Year: '1931'
  Death Year: '2007'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatic philosophy; anti-foundationalism
- Philosopher: Charles Taylor
  Birth Year: '1931'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Canadian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of social science; modernity
- Philosopher: Thomas Nagel
  Birth Year: '1937'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; ethical theory
- Philosopher: Orson Scott Card
  Birth Year: '1951'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Theology; literature and philosophy
- Philosopher: Agnes Heller
  Birth Year: '1929'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Hungarian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; ethics
- Philosopher: Christina Hoff Sommers
  Birth Year: '1950'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminist philosophy; equity
- Philosopher: "Luc Nu\xF1ez"
  Birth Year: '1965'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: European
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Critical theory; psychoanalysis
- Philosopher: Georg Simmel
  Birth Year: '1858'
  Death Year: '1918'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Sociology; social forms
- Philosopher: Arthur Schopenhauer
  Birth Year: '1788'
  Death Year: '1860'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of pessimism; metaphysics
- Philosopher: Leo Strauss
  Birth Year: '1899'
  Death Year: '1973'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; natural right
- Philosopher: Jacques Derrida
  Birth Year: '1930'
  Death Year: '2004'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Deconstruction; poststructuralism
- Philosopher: Friedrich Engels
  Birth Year: '1820'
  Death Year: '1895'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Socialism; dialectical materialism
- Philosopher: Arthur Danto
  Birth Year: '1924'
  Death Year: '2013'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of art; end of art
- Philosopher: Wolfgang Iser
  Birth Year: '1926'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Reader-response theory; literary criticism
- Philosopher: Seyla Benhabib
  Birth Year: '1951'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Turkish-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; cosmopolitanism
- Philosopher: Alain de Botton
  Birth Year: '1969'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Swiss-British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy and literature; happiness
- Philosopher: Willy E. P. Rechnitz
  Birth Year: '1930'
  Death Year: '2021'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of youth; social justice
- Philosopher: Timothy Crusius
  Birth Year: '1966'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Rhetoric; ethics
- Philosopher: Susan Haack
  Birth Year: '1945'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; epistemology
- Philosopher: Richard Feynman
  Birth Year: '1918'
  Death Year: '1988'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Physics; philosophy of science
- Philosopher: Afromusicality
  Birth Year: Year Year
  Death Year: Year Year
  Nationality: Country
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Transatlantic slavery; creative art
- Philosopher: Richard Kearney
  Birth Year: '1954'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Irish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Phenomenology; narrative theory
- Philosopher: Julia Kristeva
  Birth Year: '1941'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Bulgarian-French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Psychoanalysis; semiotics
- Philosopher: Mikhail Bakhtin
  Birth Year: '1895'
  Death Year: '1975'
  Nationality: Russian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Literary theory; dialogism
- Philosopher: Ruth Amossy
  Birth Year: '1944'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Sociology; discourse analysis
- Philosopher: Robert B. Brandom
  Birth Year: '1950'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Inference; meaning; language
- Philosopher: Russell Kirk
  Birth Year: '1918'
  Death Year: '1994'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Conservatism; tradition
- Philosopher: Yascha Mounk
  Birth Year: '1982'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political theory; democracy
- Philosopher: Mark S. K. Smith
  Birth Year: '1954'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Environmental philosophy; social justice
- Philosopher: Mary Midgley
  Birth Year: '1919'
  Death Year: '2018'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Animal ethics; philosophy of science
- Philosopher: Eric Voegelin
  Birth Year: '1901'
  Death Year: '1985'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosopher; Gnosticism
- Philosopher: Richard Kraut
  Birth Year: '1941'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Ancient philosophy; Aristotle
- Philosopher: Doris Lessing
  Birth Year: '1919'
  Death Year: '2013'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Narrative construction; feminism
- Philosopher: Viktor Frankl
  Birth Year: '1905'
  Death Year: '1997'
  Nationality: Austrian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Logotherapy; existentialism
- Philosopher: Rudiger Safranski
  Birth Year: '1945'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of life; romanticism
- Philosopher: Herbert Marcuse
  Birth Year: '1898'
  Death Year: '1979'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Revolutionary theory; critical theory
- Philosopher: Daniel C. Dennett
  Birth Year: '1942'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Consciousness; philosophy of mind
- Philosopher: Thomas Nagel
  Birth Year: '1937'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; subjective experience
- Philosopher: Ludwig Wittgenstein
  Birth Year: '1889'
  Death Year: '1951'
  Nationality: Austrian-British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Language; logic; meaning
- Philosopher: George Edward Moore
  Birth Year: '1873'
  Death Year: '1958'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Common sense philosophy; ethics
- Philosopher: Gustav Landauer
  Birth Year: '1870'
  Death Year: '1919'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Anarchism; sociology
- Philosopher: John Sherlock
  Birth Year: Year Year
  Death Year: Year Year
  Nationality: Country
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of science; visual principles
- Philosopher: Alfred Tarski
  Birth Year: '1901'
  Death Year: '1983'
  Nationality: Polish-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Semantic theory; truth theories
- Philosopher: Lucian Goldmann
  Birth Year: '1913'
  Death Year: '1970'
  Nationality: Romanian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Sociology; literature
- Philosopher: Jean-Paul Sartre
  Birth Year: '1905'
  Death Year: '1980'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Existentialism; humanism
- Philosopher: Bitnoruparen
  Birth Year: '1945'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Broad-inner
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Epistemic practices; identity
- Philosopher: Emma Goldman
  Birth Year: '1869'
  Death Year: '1940'
  Nationality: Lithuanian-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Anarchism; feminism
- Philosopher: Wilhelm Dilthey
  Birth Year: '1833'
  Death Year: '1911'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Hermeneutics; life philosophy
- Philosopher: Nelson Goodman
  Birth Year: '1906'
  Death Year: '1998'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of art; constructionism
- Philosopher: Rudolph Arnheim
  Birth Year: '1904'
  Death Year: '2007'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Visual perception; aesthetics
- Philosopher: Richard John Neuhaus
  Birth Year: '1936'
  Death Year: '2009'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political theology; public philosophy
- Philosopher: Tzvetan Todorov
  Birth Year: '1939'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Bulgarian-French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Literary theory; cultural criticism
- Philosopher: Reinhold Niebuhr
  Birth Year: '1892'
  Death Year: '1971'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Christian realism; political theology
- Philosopher: Victor Turner
  Birth Year: '1920'
  Death Year: '1983'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Ritual studies; social anthropology
- Philosopher: Judith Harris
  Birth Year: '1948'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Parenting and intelligence; cognitive psychology
- Philosopher: Simon A. M. Peat
  Birth Year: '1940'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Quantum theory; consciousness
- Philosopher: Charles Taylor
  Birth Year: '1931'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Canadian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of language; secularism
- Philosopher: Chantal Mouffe
  Birth Year: '1943'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Belgian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political theory; agonistic democracy
- Philosopher: Peter van Inwagen
  Birth Year: '1942'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Metaphysics; philosophy of religion
- Philosopher: Susan Crean
  Birth Year: Year Year
  Death Year: Year Year
  Nationality: Country
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of law; sociological aspects
- Philosopher: C.S. Peirce
  Birth Year: '1839'
  Death Year: '1914'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; logic
- Philosopher: Alain Badiou
  Birth Year: '1937'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Event; truth; ontology
- Philosopher: David Graeber
  Birth Year: '1961'
  Death Year: '2020'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Anthropology; economics; activism
- Philosopher: Achille Mbembe
  Birth Year: '1957'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Cameroonian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Postcolonial theory; necropolitics
- Philosopher: Siegfried Kracauer
  Birth Year: '1889'
  Death Year: '1966'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Film theory; sociology
- Philosopher: David Hume
  Birth Year: '1711'
  Death Year: '1776'
  Nationality: Scottish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Skepticism; empiricism
- Philosopher: Paul Ricoeur
  Birth Year: '1913'
  Death Year: '2005'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Hermeneutics; narrative
- Philosopher: "Jacques Ranci\xE8re"
  Birth Year: '1940'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Politics; aesthetics
- Philosopher: Martha Nussbaum
  Birth Year: '1947'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Capabilities approach; social justice
- Philosopher: Simone de Beauvoir
  Birth Year: '1908'
  Death Year: '1986'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Feminism; existential ethics
- Philosopher: Ralph Waldo Emerson
  Birth Year: '1803'
  Death Year: '1882'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Transcendentalism; individualism
- Philosopher: Johann Gottlieb Fichte
  Birth Year: '1762'
  Death Year: '1814'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Transcendental idealism; self
- Philosopher: William James
  Birth Year: '1842'
  Death Year: '1910'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; psychology
- Philosopher: Albert Einstein
  Birth Year: '1879'
  Death Year: '1955'
  Nationality: German-American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Relativity; philosophy of science
- Philosopher: Ferdinand de Saussure
  Birth Year: '1857'
  Death Year: '1913'
  Nationality: Swiss
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Linguistics; semiology
- Philosopher: Albert Camus
  Birth Year: '1913'
  Death Year: '1960'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Absurdism; existentialism
- Philosopher: John Stuart Mill
  Birth Year: '1806'
  Death Year: '1873'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Utilitarianism; liberty
- Philosopher: Arthur Schopenhauer
  Birth Year: '1788'
  Death Year: '1860'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pessimism; will to live
- Philosopher: Francis Bacon
  Birth Year: '1561'
  Death Year: '1626'
  Nationality: English
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; scientific method
- Philosopher: Thomas Hobbes
  Birth Year: '1588'
  Death Year: '1679'
  Nationality: English
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Leviathan; social contract theory
- Philosopher: Max Weber
  Birth Year: '1864'
  Death Year: '1920'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Sociology; bureaucracy
- Philosopher: Friedrich Nietzsche
  Birth Year: '1844'
  Death Year: '1900'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Will to power; eternal return
- Philosopher: Rudolf Carnap
  Birth Year: '1891'
  Death Year: '1970'
  Nationality: Austrian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Logical positivism; philosophy of language
- Philosopher: John Locke
  Birth Year: '1632'
  Death Year: '1704'
  Nationality: English
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; political philosophy
- Philosopher: "S\xF8ren Kierkegaard"
  Birth Year: '1813'
  Death Year: '1855'
  Nationality: Danish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Christian existentialism; subjectivity
- Philosopher: Virginia Woolf
  Birth Year: '1882'
  Death Year: '1941'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Modernist literature; gender studies
- Philosopher: Henri Bergson
  Birth Year: '1859'
  Death Year: '1941'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Time and consciousness; intuition
- Philosopher: David Hume
  Birth Year: '1711'
  Death Year: '1776'
  Nationality: Scottish
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Empiricism; skepticism
- Philosopher: "J\xFCrgen Habermas"
  Birth Year: '1929'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Public sphere; critical theory
- Philosopher: Giorgio Agamben
  Birth Year: '1942'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: Italian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Biopolitics; state of exception
- Philosopher: Simone Weil
  Birth Year: '1909'
  Death Year: '1943'
  Nationality: French
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Political philosophy; attention
- Philosopher: C. D. Broad
  Birth Year: '1887'
  Death Year: '1971'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of mind; metaphysics
- Philosopher: Angela Davis
  Birth Year: '1944'
  Death Year: .nan
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Civil rights; prison abolitionism
- Philosopher: Roger Scruton
  Birth Year: '1944'
  Death Year: '2020'
  Nationality: British
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Conservatism; aesthetics
- Philosopher: Richard Rorty
  Birth Year: '1931'
  Death Year: '2007'
  Nationality: American
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Pragmatism; anti-essentialism
- Philosopher: Satyajit Ray
  Birth Year: '1921'
  Death Year: '1992'
  Nationality: Indian
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Cinema; art theory
- Philosopher: Walter Benjamin
  Birth Year: '1892'
  Death Year: '1940'
  Nationality: German
  Main Ideas/Contributions: Philosophy of art; aura of art