| | Philosopher | Birth Year | Death Year | Nationality | Main Ideas/Contributions | |----:|:------------------------------|:-------------|:-------------|:----------------------|:------------------------------------------------------| | 0 | Thales | 624 BC | 546 BC | Greek | First philosopher; naturalism and cosmology | | 1 | Anaximander | 610 BC | 546 BC | Greek | Apeiron; early cosmology | | 2 | Anaximenes | 586 BC | 528 BC | Greek | Air as the primary substance | | 3 | Pythagoras | 570 BC | 495 BC | Greek | Mathematics, mysticism, and the theory of forms | | 4 | Hippocrates | 460 BC | 370 BC | Greek | Medicine as a profession; Hippocratic Oath | | 5 | Socrates | 470 BC | 399 BC | Greek | Socratic method; ethics | | 6 | Plato | 427 BC | 347 BC | Greek | Theory of Forms; epistemology; the ideal state | | 7 | Aristotle | 384 BC | 322 BC | Greek | Empiricism; ethics; politics; logic | | 8 | Epicurus | 341 BC | 270 BC | Greek | Pleasure principle; atomism | | 9 | Zeno of Citium | 334 BC | 262 BC | Greek | Stoicism; virtue ethics | | 10 | Diogenes | 400 BC | 323 BC | Greek | Cynicism; simplicity | | 11 | Protagoras | 490 BC | 420 BC | Greek | Relativism; man is the measure | | 12 | Heraclitus | 535 BC | 475 BC | Greek | Change as central to the universe | | 13 | Parmenides | 515 BC | 450 BC | Greek | Being and the nature of reality | | 14 | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | 1646 | 1716 | German | Calculus; Monadology | | 15 | René Descartes | 1596 | 1650 | French | Cogito; Cartesian coordinates; dualism | | 16 | David Hume | 1711 | 1776 | Scottish | Empiricism; skepticism; naturalism | | 17 | Immanuel Kant | 1724 | 1804 | Prussian | Categorical imperative; transcendental idealism | | 18 | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | 1770 | 1831 | German | Dialectics; absolute idealism | | 19 | Friedrich Nietzsche | 1844 | 1900 | German | Will to power; eternal recurrence; nihilism | | 20 | John Stuart Mill | 1806 | 1873 | British | Utilitarianism; liberty and individual rights | | 21 | Thomas Hobbes | 1588 | 1679 | English | Social contract; materialism | | 22 | John Locke | 1632 | 1704 | English | Tabula rasa; liberalism | | 23 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | 1712 | 1778 | Swiss/French | Social contract; general will | | 24 | Simone de Beauvoir | 1908 | 1986 | French | Feminism; existentialism | | 25 | Martin Heidegger | 1889 | 1976 | German | Being-in-the-world; existential phenomenology | | 26 | Albert Camus | 1913 | 1960 | French | Absurdism; the myth of Sisyphus | | 27 | Søren Kierkegaard | 1813 | 1855 | Danish | Existentialism; subjectivity | | 28 | John Dewey | 1859 | 1952 | American | Pragmatism; democracy in education | | 29 | Bertrand Russell | 1872 | 1970 | British | Analytic philosophy; social criticism | | 30 | Ludwig Wittgenstein | 1889 | 1951 | Austrian/British | Language games; meaning as use | | 31 | Jürgen Habermas | 1929 | nan | German | The public sphere; communicative action | | 32 | Michel Foucault | 1926 | 1984 | French | Power/knowledge; discourse analysis | | 33 | Jacques Derrida | 1930 | 2004 | French | Deconstruction; différance | | 34 | Paul Ricoeur | 1913 | 2005 | French | Hermeneutics; narrative identity | | 35 | Alasdair MacIntyre | 1929 | nan | Scottish | Virtue ethics; tradition | | 36 | Richard Rorty | 1931 | 2007 | American | Pragmatic pluralism | | 37 | Thomas Nagel | 1937 | nan | American | Consciousness; subjective/objective distinction | | 38 | Daniel Dennett | 1942 | nan | American | Philosophy of mind; consciousness as evolution | | 39 | Rudolf Carnap | 1891 | 1970 | German/American | Logical positivism; philosophy of science | | 40 | Willard Van Orman Quine | 1908 | 2000 | American | Indeterminacy of translation; holism | | 41 | Judith Butler | 1956 | nan | American | Gender theory; performativity | | 42 | Slavoj Žižek | 1949 | nan | Slovenian | Psychoanalysis; cultural critique | | 43 | Martha Nussbaum | 1947 | nan | American | Capabilities approach; ethics | | 44 | Hannah Arendt | 1906 | 1975 | German-American | Political theory; totalitarianism | | 45 | Pierre Bourdieu | 1930 | 2002 | French | Cultural capital; habitus | | 46 | Thomas Kuhn | 1922 | 1996 | American | Structure of scientific revolutions | | 47 | Isaiah Berlin | 1909 | 1997 | Russian/British | Value pluralism; two concepts of liberty | | 48 | Michael Sandel | 1953 | nan | American | Communitarianism; justice theory | | 49 | Frantz Fanon | 1925 | 1961 | French-Algerian | Post-colonial theory; the wretched of the earth | | 50 | Simone Weil | 1909 | 1943 | French | Affection and attention; philosophy of work | | 51 | Rainer Maria Rilke | 1875 | 1926 | Austrian | Existential themes in poetry | | 52 | David Lewis | 1941 | 2001 | Australian | Modal realism; philosophy of language | | 53 | John Searle | 1932 | nan | American | Language; consciousness; social reality | | 54 | Julia Kristeva | 1941 | nan | Bulgarian-French | Psychoanalysis; semiotics | | 55 | Niels Bohr | 1885 | 1962 | Danish | Quantum theory; complementarity | | 56 | Albert Einstein | 1879 | 1955 | German/Swiss-American | Theory of relativity; philosophy of science | | 57 | Karl Popper | 1902 | 1994 | Austrian-British | Falsifiability; scientific method | | 58 | Angela Davis | 1944 | nan | American | Civil rights; feminism | | 59 | Richard Dawkins | 1941 | nan | British | Evolutionary biology; science and religion | | 60 | John Rawls | 1921 | 2002 | American | Justice as fairness; political liberalism | | 61 | Robert Nozick | 1938 | 2002 | American | Libertarianism; entitlement theory | | 62 | David Chalmers | 1966 | nan | Australian | Consciousness; the hard problem | | 63 | Peter Singer | 1946 | nan | Australian | Animal rights; utilitarianism | | 64 | Cornel West | 1953 | nan | American | Social justice; race; democracy | | 65 | Zygmunt Bauman | 1925 | 2017 | Polish-British | Liquid modernity; postmodernity | | 66 | Byung-Chul Han | 1959 | nan | South Korean | Society of exhaustion; digital culture | | 67 | Susan Haack | 1945 | nan | American | Pragmatism; epistemology | | 68 | John Paul II | 1920 | 2005 | Polish | Philosophy of human dignity; social ethics | | 69 | Catherine Malabou | 1959 | nan | French | Neurophilosophy; plasticity | | 70 | Iris Murdoch | 1919 | 1999 | British | Love and ethics; moral philosophy | | 71 | Richard Tarnas | 1950 | nan | American | Cultural philosophy; archetypal psychology | | 72 | Clark Glymour | 1943 | nan | American | Philosophy of science; causal inference | | 73 | Linda Martín Alcoff | 1948 | nan | American | Feminist epistemology; race theory | | 74 | Robert Brandom | 1950 | nan | American | Inferentialism; semantics | | 75 | Daniel Kahneman | 1934 | nan | Israeli-American | Behavioral economics; judgment | | 76 | Amartya Sen | 1933 | nan | Indian | Welfare economics; capabilities approach | | 77 | Ruth Millikan | 1933 | nan | American | Biological classification; language | | 78 | Elizabeth Anscombe | 1910 | 2001 | British | Action theory; intention | | 79 | Bernard Lonergan | 1904 | 1984 | Canadian | Cognitional theory; theological ethics | | 80 | Nancy Fraser | 1947 | nan | American | Feminist theory; social justice | | 81 | Joanna Bourke | 1955 | nan | British | War and gender; history | | 82 | Simone de Beauvoir | 1908 | 1986 | French | Existential feminism; ethics of ambiguity | | 83 | Karl Marx | 1818 | 1883 | German | Historical materialism; capitalism critique | | 84 | Friedrich Engels | 1820 | 1895 | German | Socialism; materialist conception of history | | 85 | Eduard Bernstein | 1850 | 1932 | German | Revisionism in socialism; democratic socialism | | 86 | Antonio Gramsci | 1891 | 1937 | Italian | Cultural hegemony; marxist theory | | 87 | Herbert Marcuse | 1898 | 1979 | German-American | Critical theory; one-dimensional man | | 88 | Michel de Certeau | 1925 | 1986 | French | The practice of everyday life; cultural practices | | 89 | Max Horkheimer | 1895 | 1973 | German-American | Critical theory; social philosophy | | 90 | Theodore Adorno | 1903 | 1969 | German-American | Critical theory; aesthetics; culture industry | | 91 | Giorgio Agamben | 1942 | nan | Italian | State of exception; biopolitics | | 92 | Rosi Braidotti | 1954 | nan | Italian | Posthumanism; feminist philosophy | | 93 | Judith Butler | 1956 | nan | American | Gender performativity; queer theory | | 94 | Slavoj Žižek | 1949 | nan | Slovenian | Cultural critiques; ideology critique | | 95 | Richard Rorty | 1931 | 2007 | American | Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism | | 96 | Bertrand Russell | 1872 | 1970 | British | Analytical philosophy; logic | | 97 | Jacques Derrida | 1930 | 2004 | French | Deconstruction; post-structuralism | | 98 | John Deely | 1939 | nan | American | Semiotics; philosophy of signs | | 99 | Timothy Williamson | 1955 | nan | British | Knowledge and logic; epistemology | | 100 | Robert Brandom | 1950 | nan | American | Inference and meaning; scorekeeping | | 101 | David K. Lewis | 1941 | 2001 | American | Modal realism; possible worlds | | 102 | Stephen Mulhall | 1968 | nan | British | Philosophy and literature; hermeneutics | | 103 | Daniel Dennett | 1942 | nan | American | Philosophy of mind; free will | | 104 | Peter Godfrey-Smith | 1956 | nan | Australian | Philosophy of biology; consciousness | | 105 | Elizabeth Millán | 1970 | nan | American | Philosophy of language; logic | | 106 | Simon Blackburn | 1944 | nan | British | Moral philosophy; expressivism | | 107 | Nancy Cartwright | 1944 | nan | American | Philosophy of science; scientific models | | 108 | Jesse Prinz | 1966 | nan | American | Philosophy of mind; aesthetics | | 109 | Tamler Sommers | 1974 | nan | American | Philosophy of moral responsibility | | 110 | Jürgen Habermas | 1929 | nan | German | Public sphere; communicative rationality | | 111 | Elizabeth Anscombe | 1910 | 2001 | British | Moral philosophy; intention | | 112 | Micro-Macroeconomics | Year Year | Year Year | Country | Economics; Greater Awareness | | 113 | John Searle | 1932 | nan | American | Language; consciousness; social reality | | 114 | Martha Nussbaum | 1947 | nan | American | Capabilities approach; philosophy of emotion | | 115 | Ludwig Feuerbach | 1804 | 1872 | German | Materialism; critique of religion | | 116 | David Hartley | 1705 | 1757 | British | Associationism; psychology | | 117 | Baruch Spinoza | 1632 | 1677 | Dutch | Ethics; rationalism | | 118 | David Hume | 1711 | 1776 | Scottish | Empiricism; skepticism | | 119 | Bertrand Russell | 1872 | 1970 | British | Analytic philosophy; logic | | 120 | Alfred North Whitehead | 1861 | 1947 | British-American | Process philosophy; metaphysics | | 121 | Søren Kierkegaard | 1813 | 1855 | Danish | Existentialism; subjectivity | | 122 | Paul Feyerabend | 1924 | 1994 | Austrian | Epistemological anarchism; philosophy of science | | 123 | George Herbert Mead | 1863 | 1931 | American | Symbolic interactionism; social psychology | | 124 | Wilfrid Sellars | 1912 | 1989 | American | Philosophy of language; scientific realism | | 125 | Michael Dummett | 1925 | 2011 | British | Philosophy of language; anti-realism | | 126 | Richard Rorty | 1931 | 2007 | American | Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism | | 127 | Timothy Williamson | 1955 | nan | British | Epistemology; knowledge | | 128 | Hilary Putnam | 1926 | 2016 | American | Philosophy of mind; realism/anti-realism | | 129 | Marilyn Frye | 1941 | nan | American | Feminist philosophy; oppression | | 130 | Estelle Disch | 1947 | nan | American | Feminist theory; political philosophy | | 131 | Kristin A. G. Chalmers | 1946 | nan | American | Social Philosophy; Gender | | 132 | M. T. L. Chen | 1948 | nan | American | Moral Philosophy; ethics | | 133 | Luigi Pareyson | 1918 | 1992 | Italian | Hermeneutics; aesthetics | | 134 | Henri Bergson | 1859 | 1941 | French | Time and consciousness; creative evolution | | 135 | Samuel Alexander | 1859 | 1938 | Australian | Aesthetic experience; philosophy of space | | 136 | Alfred Tarski | 1901 | 1983 | Polish-American | Semantics; truth | | 137 | Yascha Mounk | 1982 | nan | German-American | Political Philosophy; Democracy | | 138 | Drucilla Cornell | 1946 | nan | American | Critical theory; feminist philosophy | | 139 | Michael Sandel | 1953 | nan | American | Political philosophy; communitarianism | | 140 | M. M. Nussbaum | 1947 | nan | American | Political philosophy; capabilities approach | | 141 | Walter Benjamin | 1892 | 1940 | German | Cultural criticism; aesthetic theory | | 142 | Giorgio Agamben | 1942 | nan | Italian | Biopolitics; state of exception | | 143 | Alfred North Whitehead | 1861 | 1947 | British-American | Process philosophy; metaphysics | | 144 | Simone Weil | 1909 | 1943 | French | Philosophy of work; political philosophy | | 145 | Arnold Geulincx | 1625 | 1695 | Flemish | Occasionalism; philosophy of mind | | 146 | Max Scheler | 1874 | 1928 | German | Phenomenology; value theory | | 147 | Benedict de Spinoza | 1632 | 1677 | Dutch | Ethics; rationalism; pantheism | | 148 | Herbert Marcuse | 1898 | 1979 | German-American | Radical theory; critical theory | | 149 | Robert Brandom | 1950 | nan | American | Semantic inferentialism; language | | 150 | Leo Strauss | 1899 | 1973 | German-American | Political philosophy; moderation | | 151 | Ludwig Wittgenstein | 1889 | 1951 | Austrian-British | Philosophy of language; meaning | | 152 | Jacques Lacan | 1901 | 1981 | French | Psychoanalysis; the Real, the Imaginary, the Symbolic | | 153 | Richard M. Rorty | 1931 | 2007 | American | The linguistic turn; pragmatism | | 154 | David Papineau | 1947 | nan | British | Philosophy of science; philosophy of mind | | 155 | Noam Chomsky | 1928 | nan | American | Linguistics; political philosophy | | 156 | Timothy Williamson | 1955 | nan | British | Knowledge and epistemology | | 157 | Iris Murdoch | 1919 | 1999 | British | Morality; existentialism | | 158 | Martin Buber | 1878 | 1965 | Austrian-Israeli | I-Thou relation; dialogue | | 159 | Arthur Schopenhauer | 1788 | 1860 | German | Pessimism; will to live | | 160 | Adolf Reinach | 1883 | 1917 | German | Phenomenology; social ontology | | 161 | Émile Durkheim | 1858 | 1917 | French | Sociology; structural functionalism | | 162 | C. D. Broad | 1887 | 1971 | British | Philosophy of mind; metaphysics | | 163 | Alexis de Tocqueville | 1805 | 1859 | French | Political philosophy; democracy | | 164 | Paul Ricoeur | 1913 | 2005 | French | Hermeneutics; narrative identity | | 165 | Jean-François Lyotard | 1924 | 1998 | French | Postmodernism; the sublime | | 166 | Paul Tillich | 1886 | 1965 | German-American | Theology; existentialism | | 167 | Josef Breuer | 1842 | 1925 | Austrian | Psychoanalysis; psychological research | | 168 | Gilbert Ryle | 1900 | 1976 | British | Behaviorism; philosophy of mind | | 169 | George Edward Moore | 1873 | 1958 | British | Principia Ethica; common-sense philosophy | | 170 | Oscar Wilde | 1854 | 1900 | Irish | Aestheticism; criticism of morality | | 171 | Bertrand Russell | 1872 | 1970 | British | Logic; analytical philosophy | | 172 | Henry David Thoreau | 1817 | 1862 | American | Transcendentalism; civil disobedience | | 173 | Susan Sontag | 1933 | 2004 | American | Cultural criticism; photography | | 174 | Jean-Paul Sartre | 1905 | 1980 | French | Existentialism; freedom | | 175 | Rudolf Carnap | 1891 | 1970 | German/American | Analytic philosophy; semantics | | 176 | Hannah Arendt | 1906 | 1975 | German-American | Political theory; totalitarianism | | 177 | Martin Heidegger | 1889 | 1976 | German | Phenomenology; existentialism | | 178 | John Stuart Mill | 1806 | 1873 | British | Utilitarianism; social liberty | | 179 | Thomas Nagel | 1937 | nan | American | Mind and body; subjective experience | | 180 | John Locke | 1632 | 1704 | English | Tabula rasa; empiricism | | 181 | David Hume | 1711 | 1776 | Scottish | Empiricism; skepticism | | 182 | Immanuel Kant | 1724 | 1804 | Prussian | Transcendental philosophy; moral law | | 183 | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | 1770 | 1831 | German | Dialectical method; absolute idealism | | 184 | Friedrich Nietzsche | 1844 | 1900 | German | Will to power; critique of morality | | 185 | Simone de Beauvoir | 1908 | 1986 | French | Feminism; existentialism | | 186 | Søren Kierkegaard | 1813 | 1855 | Danish | Existential philosophy; individualism | | 187 | Alfred North Whitehead | 1861 | 1947 | British | Process thought; metaphysics | | 188 | Frantz Fanon | 1925 | 1961 | French-Algerian | Post-colonial theory; racism | | 189 | Richard Dawkins | 1941 | nan | British | Biology; memetics; atheism | | 190 | Edward Said | 1935 | 2003 | Palestinian-American | Orientalism; post-colonial criticism | | 191 | John Griffiths | 1952 | nan | American | Biopolitics; political philosophy | | 192 | Judith Butler | 1956 | nan | American | Gender theory; queer theory | | 193 | Richard Rorty | 1931 | 2007 | American | Pragmatism; language games | | 194 | David Lewis | 1941 | 2001 | Australian | Possible worlds; modal realism | | 195 | Michel Foucault | 1926 | 1984 | French | Discourse; power relations; genealogy | | 196 | Alasdair MacIntyre | 1929 | nan | Scottish | Virtue ethics; narrative tradition | | 197 | Daniel Dennett | 1942 | nan | American | Philosophy of mind; consciousness | | 198 | Stephen Pinker | 1954 | nan | Canadian-American | Cognitive science; psychology | | 199 | Daniel Kahneman | 1934 | nan | Israeli-American | Behavioral economics; cognitive biases | | 200 | Donald Davidson | 1917 | 2003 | American | Interpretation; action theory | | 201 | Peter Singer | 1946 | nan | Australian | Animal rights; utilitarian ethics | | 202 | Ohm J. R. H. | 1804 | 1978 | German | Philosophy of perception; sociological dimensions | | 203 | Robert Nozick | 1938 | 2002 | American | Entitlement theory; libertarianism | | 204 | Richard Wright | 1908 | 1960 | American | Literature; civil rights | | 205 | Clarence Thomas | 1948 | nan | American | Legal realism; originalism | | 206 | Amartya Sen | 1933 | nan | Indian | Development economics; social choice theory | | 207 | Paul Feyerabend | 1924 | 1994 | Austrian | Philosophy of science; anarchy | | 208 | Niels Bohr | 1885 | 1962 | Danish | Quantum theory; philosophical implications | | 209 | Claude Lévi-Strauss | 1908 | 2009 | French | Structural anthropology; myth | | 210 | David Hume | 1711 | 1776 | Scottish | Empiricism; naturalism) | | 211 | Charles Sanders Peirce | 1839 | 1914 | American | Pragmatism; semiotics | | 212 | J.G. Fichte | 1762 | 1814 | German | Transcendental idealism; self-consciousness | | 213 | Gottlob Frege | 1848 | 1925 | German | Logic; philosophy of language | | 214 | Isaiah Berlin | 1909 | 1997 | Russian-British | Value pluralism; liberty | | 215 | Peter F. Strawson | 1919 | 2006 | British | Philosophy of language; metaphysics | | 216 | David Papineau | 1947 | nan | British | Philosophy of science; philosophical naturalism | | 217 | Nancy Cartwright | 1944 | nan | British | Philosophy of science; explanation | | 218 | Andrea Bianchi | 1955 | nan | Italian | Overlapping models; structuralism | | 219 | Thomas Reid | 1710 | 1796 | Scottish | Common sense philosophy; epistemology | | 220 | Richard M. Hare | 1919 | 2002 | British | Moral philosophy; prescriptivism | | 221 | Hilary Putnam | 1926 | 2016 | American | Realism; philosophy of mind | | 222 | Paul Ricœur | 1913 | 2005 | French | Narrative theory; hermeneutics | | 223 | W. V. O. Quine | 1908 | 2000 | American | Philosophy of language; ontological relativity | | 224 | Lucy Irigaray | 1930 | nan | Belgian | Feminist philosophy; subjectivity | | 225 | Simon Critchley | 1960 | nan | British | Ethics; political philosophy | | 226 | Jürgen Habermas | 1929 | nan | German | Communicative rationality; discourse ethics | | 227 | Richard Rorty | 1931 | 2007 | American | Pragmatic philosophy; anti-foundationalism | | 228 | Charles Taylor | 1931 | nan | Canadian | Philosophy of social science; modernity | | 229 | Thomas Nagel | 1937 | nan | American | Philosophy of mind; ethical theory | | 230 | Orson Scott Card | 1951 | nan | American | Theology; literature and philosophy | | 231 | Agnes Heller | 1929 | nan | Hungarian | Critical theory; ethics | | 232 | Christina Hoff Sommers | 1950 | nan | American | Feminist philosophy; equity | | 233 | Luc Nuñez | 1965 | nan | European | Critical theory; psychoanalysis | | 234 | Georg Simmel | 1858 | 1918 | German | Sociology; social forms | | 235 | Arthur Schopenhauer | 1788 | 1860 | German | Philosophy of pessimism; metaphysics | | 236 | Leo Strauss | 1899 | 1973 | German-American | Political philosophy; natural right | | 237 | Jacques Derrida | 1930 | 2004 | French | Deconstruction; poststructuralism | | 238 | Friedrich Engels | 1820 | 1895 | German | Socialism; dialectical materialism | | 239 | Arthur Danto | 1924 | 2013 | American | Philosophy of art; end of art | | 240 | Wolfgang Iser | 1926 | nan | German | Reader-response theory; literary criticism | | 241 | Seyla Benhabib | 1951 | nan | Turkish-American | Political philosophy; cosmopolitanism | | 242 | Alain de Botton | 1969 | nan | Swiss-British | Philosophy and literature; happiness | | 243 | Willy E. P. Rechnitz | 1930 | 2021 | German | Philosophy of youth; social justice | | 244 | Timothy Crusius | 1966 | nan | American | Rhetoric; ethics | | 245 | Susan Haack | 1945 | nan | American | Pragmatism; epistemology | | 246 | Richard Feynman | 1918 | 1988 | American | Physics; philosophy of science | | 247 | Afromusicality | Year Year | Year Year | Country | Transatlantic slavery; creative art | | 248 | Richard Kearney | 1954 | nan | Irish | Phenomenology; narrative theory | | 249 | Julia Kristeva | 1941 | nan | Bulgarian-French | Psychoanalysis; semiotics | | 250 | Mikhail Bakhtin | 1895 | 1975 | Russian | Literary theory; dialogism | | 251 | Ruth Amossy | 1944 | nan | French | Sociology; discourse analysis | | 252 | Robert B. Brandom | 1950 | nan | American | Inference; meaning; language | | 253 | Russell Kirk | 1918 | 1994 | American | Conservatism; tradition | | 254 | Yascha Mounk | 1982 | nan | American | Political theory; democracy | | 255 | Mark S. K. Smith | 1954 | nan | American | Environmental philosophy; social justice | | 256 | Mary Midgley | 1919 | 2018 | British | Animal ethics; philosophy of science | | 257 | Eric Voegelin | 1901 | 1985 | German-American | Political philosopher; Gnosticism | | 258 | Richard Kraut | 1941 | nan | American | Ancient philosophy; Aristotle | | 259 | Doris Lessing | 1919 | 2013 | British | Narrative construction; feminism | | 260 | Viktor Frankl | 1905 | 1997 | Austrian | Logotherapy; existentialism | | 261 | Rudiger Safranski | 1945 | nan | German | Philosophy of life; romanticism | | 262 | Herbert Marcuse | 1898 | 1979 | German-American | Revolutionary theory; critical theory | | 263 | Daniel C. Dennett | 1942 | nan | American | Consciousness; philosophy of mind | | 264 | Thomas Nagel | 1937 | nan | American | Philosophy of mind; subjective experience | | 265 | Ludwig Wittgenstein | 1889 | 1951 | Austrian-British | Language; logic; meaning | | 266 | George Edward Moore | 1873 | 1958 | British | Common sense philosophy; ethics | | 267 | Gustav Landauer | 1870 | 1919 | German | Anarchism; sociology | | 268 | John Sherlock | Year Year | Year Year | Country | Philosophy of science; visual principles | | 269 | Alfred Tarski | 1901 | 1983 | Polish-American | Semantic theory; truth theories | | 270 | Lucian Goldmann | 1913 | 1970 | Romanian | Sociology; literature | | 271 | Jean-Paul Sartre | 1905 | 1980 | French | Existentialism; humanism | | 272 | Bitnoruparen | 1945 | nan | Broad-inner | Epistemic practices; identity | | 273 | Emma Goldman | 1869 | 1940 | Lithuanian-American | Anarchism; feminism | | 274 | Wilhelm Dilthey | 1833 | 1911 | German | Hermeneutics; life philosophy | | 275 | Nelson Goodman | 1906 | 1998 | American | Philosophy of art; constructionism | | 276 | Rudolph Arnheim | 1904 | 2007 | German-American | Visual perception; aesthetics | | 277 | Richard John Neuhaus | 1936 | 2009 | American | Political theology; public philosophy | | 278 | Tzvetan Todorov | 1939 | nan | Bulgarian-French | Literary theory; cultural criticism | | 279 | Reinhold Niebuhr | 1892 | 1971 | American | Christian realism; political theology | | 280 | Victor Turner | 1920 | 1983 | British | Ritual studies; social anthropology | | 281 | Judith Harris | 1948 | nan | American | Parenting and intelligence; cognitive psychology | | 282 | Simon A. M. Peat | 1940 | nan | British | Quantum theory; consciousness | | 283 | Charles Taylor | 1931 | nan | Canadian | Philosophy of language; secularism | | 284 | Chantal Mouffe | 1943 | nan | Belgian | Political theory; agonistic democracy | | 285 | Peter van Inwagen | 1942 | nan | American | Metaphysics; philosophy of religion | | 286 | Susan Crean | Year Year | Year Year | Country | Philosophy of law; sociological aspects | | 287 | C.S. Peirce | 1839 | 1914 | American | Pragmatism; logic | | 288 | Alain Badiou | 1937 | nan | French | Event; truth; ontology | | 289 | David Graeber | 1961 | 2020 | American | Anthropology; economics; activism | | 290 | Achille Mbembe | 1957 | nan | Cameroonian | Postcolonial theory; necropolitics | | 291 | Siegfried Kracauer | 1889 | 1966 | German | Film theory; sociology | | 292 | David Hume | 1711 | 1776 | Scottish | Skepticism; empiricism | | 293 | Paul Ricoeur | 1913 | 2005 | French | Hermeneutics; narrative | | 294 | Jacques Rancière | 1940 | nan | French | Politics; aesthetics | | 295 | Martha Nussbaum | 1947 | nan | American | Capabilities approach; social justice | | 296 | Simone de Beauvoir | 1908 | 1986 | French | Feminism; existential ethics | | 297 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | 1803 | 1882 | American | Transcendentalism; individualism | | 298 | Johann Gottlieb Fichte | 1762 | 1814 | German | Transcendental idealism; self | | 299 | William James | 1842 | 1910 | American | Pragmatism; psychology | | 300 | Albert Einstein | 1879 | 1955 | German-American | Relativity; philosophy of science | | 301 | Ferdinand de Saussure | 1857 | 1913 | Swiss | Linguistics; semiology | | 302 | Albert Camus | 1913 | 1960 | French | Absurdism; existentialism | | 303 | John Stuart Mill | 1806 | 1873 | British | Utilitarianism; liberty | | 304 | Arthur Schopenhauer | 1788 | 1860 | German | Pessimism; will to live | | 305 | Francis Bacon | 1561 | 1626 | English | Empiricism; scientific method | | 306 | Thomas Hobbes | 1588 | 1679 | English | Leviathan; social contract theory | | 307 | Max Weber | 1864 | 1920 | German | Sociology; bureaucracy | | 308 | Friedrich Nietzsche | 1844 | 1900 | German | Will to power; eternal return | | 309 | Rudolf Carnap | 1891 | 1970 | Austrian | Logical positivism; philosophy of language | | 310 | John Locke | 1632 | 1704 | English | Empiricism; political philosophy | | 311 | Søren Kierkegaard | 1813 | 1855 | Danish | Christian existentialism; subjectivity | | 312 | Virginia Woolf | 1882 | 1941 | British | Modernist literature; gender studies | | 313 | Henri Bergson | 1859 | 1941 | French | Time and consciousness; intuition | | 314 | David Hume | 1711 | 1776 | Scottish | Empiricism; skepticism | | 315 | Jürgen Habermas | 1929 | nan | German | Public sphere; critical theory | | 316 | Giorgio Agamben | 1942 | nan | Italian | Biopolitics; state of exception | | 317 | Simone Weil | 1909 | 1943 | French | Political philosophy; attention | | 318 | C. D. Broad | 1887 | 1971 | British | Philosophy of mind; metaphysics | | 319 | Angela Davis | 1944 | nan | American | Civil rights; prison abolitionism | | 320 | Roger Scruton | 1944 | 2020 | British | Conservatism; aesthetics | | 321 | Richard Rorty | 1931 | 2007 | American | Pragmatism; anti-essentialism | | 322 | Satyajit Ray | 1921 | 1992 | Indian | Cinema; art theory | | 323 | Walter Benjamin | 1892 | 1940 | German | Philosophy of art; aura of art |