[ { "Philosopher": "Thales", "Birth Year": "624 BC", "Death Year": "546 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "First philosopher; naturalism and cosmology" }, { "Philosopher": "Anaximander", "Birth Year": "610 BC", "Death Year": "546 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Apeiron; early cosmology" }, { "Philosopher": "Anaximenes", "Birth Year": "586 BC", "Death Year": "528 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Air as the primary substance" }, { "Philosopher": "Pythagoras", "Birth Year": "570 BC", "Death Year": "495 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Mathematics, mysticism, and the theory of forms" }, { "Philosopher": "Hippocrates", "Birth Year": "460 BC", "Death Year": "370 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Medicine as a profession; Hippocratic Oath" }, { "Philosopher": "Socrates", "Birth Year": "470 BC", "Death Year": "399 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Socratic method; ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Plato", "Birth Year": "427 BC", "Death Year": "347 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Theory of Forms; epistemology; the ideal state" }, { "Philosopher": "Aristotle", "Birth Year": "384 BC", "Death Year": "322 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; ethics; politics; logic" }, { "Philosopher": "Epicurus", "Birth Year": "341 BC", "Death Year": "270 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pleasure principle; atomism" }, { "Philosopher": "Zeno of Citium", "Birth Year": "334 BC", "Death Year": "262 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Stoicism; virtue ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Diogenes", "Birth Year": "400 BC", "Death Year": "323 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cynicism; simplicity" }, { "Philosopher": "Protagoras", "Birth Year": "490 BC", "Death Year": "420 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Relativism; man is the measure" }, { "Philosopher": "Heraclitus", "Birth Year": "535 BC", "Death Year": "475 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Change as central to the universe" }, { "Philosopher": "Parmenides", "Birth Year": "515 BC", "Death Year": "450 BC", "Nationality": "Greek", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Being and the nature of reality" }, { "Philosopher": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "Birth Year": "1646", "Death Year": "1716", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Calculus; Monadology" }, { "Philosopher": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes", "Birth Year": "1596", "Death Year": "1650", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cogito; Cartesian coordinates; dualism" }, { "Philosopher": "David Hume", "Birth Year": "1711", "Death Year": "1776", "Nationality": "Scottish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; skepticism; naturalism" }, { "Philosopher": "Immanuel Kant", "Birth Year": "1724", "Death Year": "1804", "Nationality": "Prussian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Categorical imperative; transcendental idealism" }, { "Philosopher": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "Birth Year": "1770", "Death Year": "1831", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Dialectics; absolute idealism" }, { "Philosopher": "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Birth Year": "1844", "Death Year": "1900", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Will to power; eternal recurrence; nihilism" }, { "Philosopher": "John Stuart Mill", "Birth Year": "1806", "Death Year": "1873", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Utilitarianism; liberty and individual rights" }, { "Philosopher": "Thomas Hobbes", "Birth Year": "1588", "Death Year": "1679", "Nationality": "English", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Social contract; materialism" }, { "Philosopher": "John Locke", "Birth Year": "1632", "Death Year": "1704", "Nationality": "English", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Tabula rasa; liberalism" }, { "Philosopher": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "Birth Year": "1712", "Death Year": "1778", "Nationality": "Swiss/French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Social contract; general will" }, { "Philosopher": "Simone de Beauvoir", "Birth Year": "1908", "Death Year": "1986", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminism; existentialism" }, { "Philosopher": "Martin Heidegger", "Birth Year": "1889", "Death Year": "1976", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Being-in-the-world; existential phenomenology" }, { "Philosopher": "Albert Camus", "Birth Year": "1913", "Death Year": "1960", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Absurdism; the myth of Sisyphus" }, { "Philosopher": "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard", "Birth Year": "1813", "Death Year": "1855", "Nationality": "Danish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existentialism; subjectivity" }, { "Philosopher": "John Dewey", "Birth Year": "1859", "Death Year": "1952", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; democracy in education" }, { "Philosopher": "Bertrand Russell", "Birth Year": "1872", "Death Year": "1970", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Analytic philosophy; social criticism" }, { "Philosopher": "Ludwig Wittgenstein", "Birth Year": "1889", "Death Year": "1951", "Nationality": "Austrian/British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Language games; meaning as use" }, { "Philosopher": "J\u00fcrgen Habermas", "Birth Year": "1929", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "The public sphere; communicative action" }, { "Philosopher": "Michel Foucault", "Birth Year": "1926", "Death Year": "1984", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Power/knowledge; discourse analysis" }, { "Philosopher": "Jacques Derrida", "Birth Year": "1930", "Death Year": "2004", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Deconstruction; diff\u00e9rance" }, { "Philosopher": "Paul Ricoeur", "Birth Year": "1913", "Death Year": "2005", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Hermeneutics; narrative identity" }, { "Philosopher": "Alasdair MacIntyre", "Birth Year": "1929", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Scottish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Virtue ethics; tradition" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty", "Birth Year": "1931", "Death Year": "2007", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatic pluralism" }, { "Philosopher": "Thomas Nagel", "Birth Year": "1937", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Consciousness; subjective/objective distinction" }, { "Philosopher": "Daniel Dennett", "Birth Year": "1942", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; consciousness as evolution" }, { "Philosopher": "Rudolf Carnap", "Birth Year": "1891", "Death Year": "1970", "Nationality": "German/American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Logical positivism; philosophy of science" }, { "Philosopher": "Willard Van Orman Quine", "Birth Year": "1908", "Death Year": "2000", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Indeterminacy of translation; holism" }, { "Philosopher": "Judith Butler", "Birth Year": "1956", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Gender theory; performativity" }, { "Philosopher": "Slavoj \u017di\u017eek", "Birth Year": "1949", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Slovenian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Psychoanalysis; cultural critique" }, { "Philosopher": "Martha Nussbaum", "Birth Year": "1947", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Capabilities approach; ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Hannah Arendt", "Birth Year": "1906", "Death Year": "1975", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political theory; totalitarianism" }, { "Philosopher": "Pierre Bourdieu", "Birth Year": "1930", "Death Year": "2002", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural capital; habitus" }, { "Philosopher": "Thomas Kuhn", "Birth Year": "1922", "Death Year": "1996", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Structure of scientific revolutions" }, { "Philosopher": "Isaiah Berlin", "Birth Year": "1909", "Death Year": "1997", "Nationality": "Russian/British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Value pluralism; two concepts of liberty" }, { "Philosopher": "Michael Sandel", "Birth Year": "1953", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Communitarianism; justice theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Frantz Fanon", "Birth Year": "1925", "Death Year": "1961", "Nationality": "French-Algerian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Post-colonial theory; the wretched of the earth" }, { "Philosopher": "Simone Weil", "Birth Year": "1909", "Death Year": "1943", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Affection and attention; philosophy of work" }, { "Philosopher": "Rainer Maria Rilke", "Birth Year": "1875", "Death Year": "1926", "Nationality": "Austrian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existential themes in poetry" }, { "Philosopher": "David Lewis", "Birth Year": "1941", "Death Year": "2001", "Nationality": "Australian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Modal realism; philosophy of language" }, { "Philosopher": "John Searle", "Birth Year": "1932", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Language; consciousness; social reality" }, { "Philosopher": "Julia Kristeva", "Birth Year": "1941", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Bulgarian-French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Psychoanalysis; semiotics" }, { "Philosopher": "Niels Bohr", "Birth Year": "1885", "Death Year": "1962", "Nationality": "Danish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Quantum theory; complementarity" }, { "Philosopher": "Albert Einstein", "Birth Year": "1879", "Death Year": "1955", "Nationality": "German/Swiss-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Theory of relativity; philosophy of science" }, { "Philosopher": "Karl Popper", "Birth Year": "1902", "Death Year": "1994", "Nationality": "Austrian-British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Falsifiability; scientific method" }, { "Philosopher": "Angela Davis", "Birth Year": "1944", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Civil rights; feminism" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Dawkins", "Birth Year": "1941", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Evolutionary biology; science and religion" }, { "Philosopher": "John Rawls", "Birth Year": "1921", "Death Year": "2002", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Justice as fairness; political liberalism" }, { "Philosopher": "Robert Nozick", "Birth Year": "1938", "Death Year": "2002", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Libertarianism; entitlement theory" }, { "Philosopher": "David Chalmers", "Birth Year": "1966", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Australian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Consciousness; the hard problem" }, { "Philosopher": "Peter Singer", "Birth Year": "1946", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Australian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Animal rights; utilitarianism" }, { "Philosopher": "Cornel West", "Birth Year": "1953", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Social justice; race; democracy" }, { "Philosopher": "Zygmunt Bauman", "Birth Year": "1925", "Death Year": "2017", "Nationality": "Polish-British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Liquid modernity; postmodernity" }, { "Philosopher": "Byung-Chul Han", "Birth Year": "1959", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "South Korean", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Society of exhaustion; digital culture" }, { "Philosopher": "Susan Haack", "Birth Year": "1945", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; epistemology" }, { "Philosopher": "John Paul II", "Birth Year": "1920", "Death Year": "2005", "Nationality": "Polish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of human dignity; social ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Catherine Malabou", "Birth Year": "1959", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Neurophilosophy; plasticity" }, { "Philosopher": "Iris Murdoch", "Birth Year": "1919", "Death Year": "1999", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Love and ethics; moral philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Tarnas", "Birth Year": "1950", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural philosophy; archetypal psychology" }, { "Philosopher": "Clark Glymour", "Birth Year": "1943", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; causal inference" }, { "Philosopher": "Linda Mart\u00edn Alcoff", "Birth Year": "1948", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist epistemology; race theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Robert Brandom", "Birth Year": "1950", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Inferentialism; semantics" }, { "Philosopher": "Daniel Kahneman", "Birth Year": "1934", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Israeli-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Behavioral economics; judgment" }, { "Philosopher": "Amartya Sen", "Birth Year": "1933", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Indian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Welfare economics; capabilities approach" }, { "Philosopher": "Ruth Millikan", "Birth Year": "1933", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Biological classification; language" }, { "Philosopher": "Elizabeth Anscombe", "Birth Year": "1910", "Death Year": "2001", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Action theory; intention" }, { "Philosopher": "Bernard Lonergan", "Birth Year": "1904", "Death Year": "1984", "Nationality": "Canadian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cognitional theory; theological ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Nancy Fraser", "Birth Year": "1947", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist theory; social justice" }, { "Philosopher": "Joanna Bourke", "Birth Year": "1955", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "War and gender; history" }, { "Philosopher": "Simone de Beauvoir", "Birth Year": "1908", "Death Year": "1986", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existential feminism; ethics of ambiguity" }, { "Philosopher": "Karl Marx", "Birth Year": "1818", "Death Year": "1883", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Historical materialism; capitalism critique" }, { "Philosopher": "Friedrich Engels", "Birth Year": "1820", "Death Year": "1895", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Socialism; materialist conception of history" }, { "Philosopher": "Eduard Bernstein", "Birth Year": "1850", "Death Year": "1932", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Revisionism in socialism; democratic socialism" }, { "Philosopher": "Antonio Gramsci", "Birth Year": "1891", "Death Year": "1937", "Nationality": "Italian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural hegemony; marxist theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Herbert Marcuse", "Birth Year": "1898", "Death Year": "1979", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; one-dimensional man" }, { "Philosopher": "Michel de Certeau", "Birth Year": "1925", "Death Year": "1986", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "The practice of everyday life; cultural practices" }, { "Philosopher": "Max Horkheimer", "Birth Year": "1895", "Death Year": "1973", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; social philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Theodore Adorno", "Birth Year": "1903", "Death Year": "1969", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; aesthetics; culture industry" }, { "Philosopher": "Giorgio Agamben", "Birth Year": "1942", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Italian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "State of exception; biopolitics" }, { "Philosopher": "Rosi Braidotti", "Birth Year": "1954", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Italian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Posthumanism; feminist philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Judith Butler", "Birth Year": "1956", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Gender performativity; queer theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Slavoj \u017di\u017eek", "Birth Year": "1949", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Slovenian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural critiques; ideology critique" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty", "Birth Year": "1931", "Death Year": "2007", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism" }, { "Philosopher": "Bertrand Russell", "Birth Year": "1872", "Death Year": "1970", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Analytical philosophy; logic" }, { "Philosopher": "Jacques Derrida", "Birth Year": "1930", "Death Year": "2004", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Deconstruction; post-structuralism" }, { "Philosopher": "John Deely", "Birth Year": "1939", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Semiotics; philosophy of signs" }, { "Philosopher": "Timothy Williamson", "Birth Year": "1955", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Knowledge and logic; epistemology" }, { "Philosopher": "Robert Brandom", "Birth Year": "1950", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Inference and meaning; scorekeeping" }, { "Philosopher": "David K. Lewis", "Birth Year": "1941", "Death Year": "2001", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Modal realism; possible worlds" }, { "Philosopher": "Stephen Mulhall", "Birth Year": "1968", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy and literature; hermeneutics" }, { "Philosopher": "Daniel Dennett", "Birth Year": "1942", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; free will" }, { "Philosopher": "Peter Godfrey-Smith", "Birth Year": "1956", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Australian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of biology; consciousness" }, { "Philosopher": "Elizabeth Mill\u00e1n", "Birth Year": "1970", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; logic" }, { "Philosopher": "Simon Blackburn", "Birth Year": "1944", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Moral philosophy; expressivism" }, { "Philosopher": "Nancy Cartwright", "Birth Year": "1944", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; scientific models" }, { "Philosopher": "Jesse Prinz", "Birth Year": "1966", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; aesthetics" }, { "Philosopher": "Tamler Sommers", "Birth Year": "1974", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of moral responsibility" }, { "Philosopher": "J\u00fcrgen Habermas", "Birth Year": "1929", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Public sphere; communicative rationality" }, { "Philosopher": "Elizabeth Anscombe", "Birth Year": "1910", "Death Year": "2001", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Moral philosophy; intention" }, { "Philosopher": "Micro-Macroeconomics", "Birth Year": "Year Year", "Death Year": "Year Year", "Nationality": "Country", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Economics; Greater Awareness" }, { "Philosopher": "John Searle", "Birth Year": "1932", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Language; consciousness; social reality" }, { "Philosopher": "Martha Nussbaum", "Birth Year": "1947", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Capabilities approach; philosophy of emotion" }, { "Philosopher": "Ludwig Feuerbach", "Birth Year": "1804", "Death Year": "1872", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Materialism; critique of religion" }, { "Philosopher": "David Hartley", "Birth Year": "1705", "Death Year": "1757", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Associationism; psychology" }, { "Philosopher": "Baruch Spinoza", "Birth Year": "1632", "Death Year": "1677", "Nationality": "Dutch", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Ethics; rationalism" }, { "Philosopher": "David Hume", "Birth Year": "1711", "Death Year": "1776", "Nationality": "Scottish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; skepticism" }, { "Philosopher": "Bertrand Russell", "Birth Year": "1872", "Death Year": "1970", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Analytic philosophy; logic" }, { "Philosopher": "Alfred North Whitehead", "Birth Year": "1861", "Death Year": "1947", "Nationality": "British-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Process philosophy; metaphysics" }, { "Philosopher": "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard", "Birth Year": "1813", "Death Year": "1855", "Nationality": "Danish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existentialism; subjectivity" }, { "Philosopher": "Paul Feyerabend", "Birth Year": "1924", "Death Year": "1994", "Nationality": "Austrian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Epistemological anarchism; philosophy of science" }, { "Philosopher": "George Herbert Mead", "Birth Year": "1863", "Death Year": "1931", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Symbolic interactionism; social psychology" }, { "Philosopher": "Wilfrid Sellars", "Birth Year": "1912", "Death Year": "1989", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; scientific realism" }, { "Philosopher": "Michael Dummett", "Birth Year": "1925", "Death Year": "2011", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; anti-realism" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty", "Birth Year": "1931", "Death Year": "2007", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism" }, { "Philosopher": "Timothy Williamson", "Birth Year": "1955", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Epistemology; knowledge" }, { "Philosopher": "Hilary Putnam", "Birth Year": "1926", "Death Year": "2016", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; realism/anti-realism" }, { "Philosopher": "Marilyn Frye", "Birth Year": "1941", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist philosophy; oppression" }, { "Philosopher": "Estelle Disch", "Birth Year": "1947", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist theory; political philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Kristin A. G. Chalmers", "Birth Year": "1946", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Social Philosophy; Gender" }, { "Philosopher": "M. T. L. Chen", "Birth Year": "1948", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Moral Philosophy; ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Luigi Pareyson", "Birth Year": "1918", "Death Year": "1992", "Nationality": "Italian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Hermeneutics; aesthetics" }, { "Philosopher": "Henri Bergson", "Birth Year": "1859", "Death Year": "1941", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Time and consciousness; creative evolution" }, { "Philosopher": "Samuel Alexander", "Birth Year": "1859", "Death Year": "1938", "Nationality": "Australian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Aesthetic experience; philosophy of space" }, { "Philosopher": "Alfred Tarski", "Birth Year": "1901", "Death Year": "1983", "Nationality": "Polish-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Semantics; truth" }, { "Philosopher": "Yascha Mounk", "Birth Year": "1982", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political Philosophy; Democracy" }, { "Philosopher": "Drucilla Cornell", "Birth Year": "1946", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; feminist philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Michael Sandel", "Birth Year": "1953", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; communitarianism" }, { "Philosopher": "M. M. Nussbaum", "Birth Year": "1947", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; capabilities approach" }, { "Philosopher": "Walter Benjamin", "Birth Year": "1892", "Death Year": "1940", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural criticism; aesthetic theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Giorgio Agamben", "Birth Year": "1942", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Italian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Biopolitics; state of exception" }, { "Philosopher": "Alfred North Whitehead", "Birth Year": "1861", "Death Year": "1947", "Nationality": "British-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Process philosophy; metaphysics" }, { "Philosopher": "Simone Weil", "Birth Year": "1909", "Death Year": "1943", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of work; political philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Arnold Geulincx", "Birth Year": "1625", "Death Year": "1695", "Nationality": "Flemish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Occasionalism; philosophy of mind" }, { "Philosopher": "Max Scheler", "Birth Year": "1874", "Death Year": "1928", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Phenomenology; value theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Benedict de Spinoza", "Birth Year": "1632", "Death Year": "1677", "Nationality": "Dutch", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Ethics; rationalism; pantheism" }, { "Philosopher": "Herbert Marcuse", "Birth Year": "1898", "Death Year": "1979", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Radical theory; critical theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Robert Brandom", "Birth Year": "1950", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Semantic inferentialism; language" }, { "Philosopher": "Leo Strauss", "Birth Year": "1899", "Death Year": "1973", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; moderation" }, { "Philosopher": "Ludwig Wittgenstein", "Birth Year": "1889", "Death Year": "1951", "Nationality": "Austrian-British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; meaning" }, { "Philosopher": "Jacques Lacan", "Birth Year": "1901", "Death Year": "1981", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Psychoanalysis; the Real, the Imaginary, the Symbolic" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard M. Rorty", "Birth Year": "1931", "Death Year": "2007", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "The linguistic turn; pragmatism" }, { "Philosopher": "David Papineau", "Birth Year": "1947", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; philosophy of mind" }, { "Philosopher": "Noam Chomsky", "Birth Year": "1928", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Linguistics; political philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Timothy Williamson", "Birth Year": "1955", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Knowledge and epistemology" }, { "Philosopher": "Iris Murdoch", "Birth Year": "1919", "Death Year": "1999", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Morality; existentialism" }, { "Philosopher": "Martin Buber", "Birth Year": "1878", "Death Year": "1965", "Nationality": "Austrian-Israeli", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "I-Thou relation; dialogue" }, { "Philosopher": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "Birth Year": "1788", "Death Year": "1860", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pessimism; will to live" }, { "Philosopher": "Adolf Reinach", "Birth Year": "1883", "Death Year": "1917", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Phenomenology; social ontology" }, { "Philosopher": "\u00c9mile Durkheim", "Birth Year": "1858", "Death Year": "1917", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Sociology; structural functionalism" }, { "Philosopher": "C. D. Broad", "Birth Year": "1887", "Death Year": "1971", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; metaphysics" }, { "Philosopher": "Alexis de Tocqueville", "Birth Year": "1805", "Death Year": "1859", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; democracy" }, { "Philosopher": "Paul Ricoeur", "Birth Year": "1913", "Death Year": "2005", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Hermeneutics; narrative identity" }, { "Philosopher": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard", "Birth Year": "1924", "Death Year": "1998", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Postmodernism; the sublime" }, { "Philosopher": "Paul Tillich", "Birth Year": "1886", "Death Year": "1965", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Theology; existentialism" }, { "Philosopher": "Josef Breuer", "Birth Year": "1842", "Death Year": "1925", "Nationality": "Austrian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Psychoanalysis; psychological research" }, { "Philosopher": "Gilbert Ryle", "Birth Year": "1900", "Death Year": "1976", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Behaviorism; philosophy of mind" }, { "Philosopher": "George Edward Moore", "Birth Year": "1873", "Death Year": "1958", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Principia Ethica; common-sense philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Oscar Wilde", "Birth Year": "1854", "Death Year": "1900", "Nationality": "Irish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Aestheticism; criticism of morality" }, { "Philosopher": "Bertrand Russell", "Birth Year": "1872", "Death Year": "1970", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Logic; analytical philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Henry David Thoreau", "Birth Year": "1817", "Death Year": "1862", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transcendentalism; civil disobedience" }, { "Philosopher": "Susan Sontag", "Birth Year": "1933", "Death Year": "2004", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural criticism; photography" }, { "Philosopher": "Jean-Paul Sartre", "Birth Year": "1905", "Death Year": "1980", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existentialism; freedom" }, { "Philosopher": "Rudolf Carnap", "Birth Year": "1891", "Death Year": "1970", "Nationality": "German/American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Analytic philosophy; semantics" }, { "Philosopher": "Hannah Arendt", "Birth Year": "1906", "Death Year": "1975", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political theory; totalitarianism" }, { "Philosopher": "Martin Heidegger", "Birth Year": "1889", "Death Year": "1976", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Phenomenology; existentialism" }, { "Philosopher": "John Stuart Mill", "Birth Year": "1806", "Death Year": "1873", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Utilitarianism; social liberty" }, { "Philosopher": "Thomas Nagel", "Birth Year": "1937", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Mind and body; subjective experience" }, { "Philosopher": "John Locke", "Birth Year": "1632", "Death Year": "1704", "Nationality": "English", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Tabula rasa; empiricism" }, { "Philosopher": "David Hume", "Birth Year": "1711", "Death Year": "1776", "Nationality": "Scottish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; skepticism" }, { "Philosopher": "Immanuel Kant", "Birth Year": "1724", "Death Year": "1804", "Nationality": "Prussian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transcendental philosophy; moral law" }, { "Philosopher": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "Birth Year": "1770", "Death Year": "1831", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Dialectical method; absolute idealism" }, { "Philosopher": "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Birth Year": "1844", "Death Year": "1900", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Will to power; critique of morality" }, { "Philosopher": "Simone de Beauvoir", "Birth Year": "1908", "Death Year": "1986", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminism; existentialism" }, { "Philosopher": "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard", "Birth Year": "1813", "Death Year": "1855", "Nationality": "Danish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existential philosophy; individualism" }, { "Philosopher": "Alfred North Whitehead", "Birth Year": "1861", "Death Year": "1947", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Process thought; metaphysics" }, { "Philosopher": "Frantz Fanon", "Birth Year": "1925", "Death Year": "1961", "Nationality": "French-Algerian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Post-colonial theory; racism" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Dawkins", "Birth Year": "1941", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Biology; memetics; atheism" }, { "Philosopher": "Edward Said", "Birth Year": "1935", "Death Year": "2003", "Nationality": "Palestinian-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Orientalism; post-colonial criticism" }, { "Philosopher": "John Griffiths", "Birth Year": "1952", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Biopolitics; political philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Judith Butler", "Birth Year": "1956", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Gender theory; queer theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty", "Birth Year": "1931", "Death Year": "2007", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; language games" }, { "Philosopher": "David Lewis", "Birth Year": "1941", "Death Year": "2001", "Nationality": "Australian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Possible worlds; modal realism" }, { "Philosopher": "Michel Foucault", "Birth Year": "1926", "Death Year": "1984", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Discourse; power relations; genealogy" }, { "Philosopher": "Alasdair MacIntyre", "Birth Year": "1929", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Scottish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Virtue ethics; narrative tradition" }, { "Philosopher": "Daniel Dennett", "Birth Year": "1942", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; consciousness" }, { "Philosopher": "Stephen Pinker", "Birth Year": "1954", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Canadian-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cognitive science; psychology" }, { "Philosopher": "Daniel Kahneman", "Birth Year": "1934", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Israeli-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Behavioral economics; cognitive biases" }, { "Philosopher": "Donald Davidson", "Birth Year": "1917", "Death Year": "2003", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Interpretation; action theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Peter Singer", "Birth Year": "1946", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Australian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Animal rights; utilitarian ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Ohm J. R. H.", "Birth Year": "1804", "Death Year": "1978", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of perception; sociological dimensions" }, { "Philosopher": "Robert Nozick", "Birth Year": "1938", "Death Year": "2002", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Entitlement theory; libertarianism" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Wright", "Birth Year": "1908", "Death Year": "1960", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Literature; civil rights" }, { "Philosopher": "Clarence Thomas", "Birth Year": "1948", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Legal realism; originalism" }, { "Philosopher": "Amartya Sen", "Birth Year": "1933", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Indian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Development economics; social choice theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Paul Feyerabend", "Birth Year": "1924", "Death Year": "1994", "Nationality": "Austrian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; anarchy" }, { "Philosopher": "Niels Bohr", "Birth Year": "1885", "Death Year": "1962", "Nationality": "Danish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Quantum theory; philosophical implications" }, { "Philosopher": "Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss", "Birth Year": "1908", "Death Year": "2009", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Structural anthropology; myth" }, { "Philosopher": "David Hume", "Birth Year": "1711", "Death Year": "1776", "Nationality": "Scottish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; naturalism)" }, { "Philosopher": "Charles Sanders Peirce", "Birth Year": "1839", "Death Year": "1914", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; semiotics" }, { "Philosopher": "J.G. Fichte", "Birth Year": "1762", "Death Year": "1814", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transcendental idealism; self-consciousness" }, { "Philosopher": "Gottlob Frege", "Birth Year": "1848", "Death Year": "1925", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Logic; philosophy of language" }, { "Philosopher": "Isaiah Berlin", "Birth Year": "1909", "Death Year": "1997", "Nationality": "Russian-British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Value pluralism; liberty" }, { "Philosopher": "Peter F. Strawson", "Birth Year": "1919", "Death Year": "2006", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; metaphysics" }, { "Philosopher": "David Papineau", "Birth Year": "1947", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; philosophical naturalism" }, { "Philosopher": "Nancy Cartwright", "Birth Year": "1944", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; explanation" }, { "Philosopher": "Andrea Bianchi", "Birth Year": "1955", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Italian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Overlapping models; structuralism" }, { "Philosopher": "Thomas Reid", "Birth Year": "1710", "Death Year": "1796", "Nationality": "Scottish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Common sense philosophy; epistemology" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard M. Hare", "Birth Year": "1919", "Death Year": "2002", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Moral philosophy; prescriptivism" }, { "Philosopher": "Hilary Putnam", "Birth Year": "1926", "Death Year": "2016", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Realism; philosophy of mind" }, { "Philosopher": "Paul Ric\u0153ur", "Birth Year": "1913", "Death Year": "2005", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Narrative theory; hermeneutics" }, { "Philosopher": "W. V. O. Quine", "Birth Year": "1908", "Death Year": "2000", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; ontological relativity" }, { "Philosopher": "Lucy Irigaray", "Birth Year": "1930", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Belgian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist philosophy; subjectivity" }, { "Philosopher": "Simon Critchley", "Birth Year": "1960", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Ethics; political philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "J\u00fcrgen Habermas", "Birth Year": "1929", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Communicative rationality; discourse ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty", "Birth Year": "1931", "Death Year": "2007", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatic philosophy; anti-foundationalism" }, { "Philosopher": "Charles Taylor", "Birth Year": "1931", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Canadian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of social science; modernity" }, { "Philosopher": "Thomas Nagel", "Birth Year": "1937", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; ethical theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Orson Scott Card", "Birth Year": "1951", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Theology; literature and philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Agnes Heller", "Birth Year": "1929", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Hungarian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Christina Hoff Sommers", "Birth Year": "1950", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist philosophy; equity" }, { "Philosopher": "Luc Nu\u00f1ez", "Birth Year": "1965", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "European", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; psychoanalysis" }, { "Philosopher": "Georg Simmel", "Birth Year": "1858", "Death Year": "1918", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Sociology; social forms" }, { "Philosopher": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "Birth Year": "1788", "Death Year": "1860", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of pessimism; metaphysics" }, { "Philosopher": "Leo Strauss", "Birth Year": "1899", "Death Year": "1973", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; natural right" }, { "Philosopher": "Jacques Derrida", "Birth Year": "1930", "Death Year": "2004", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Deconstruction; poststructuralism" }, { "Philosopher": "Friedrich Engels", "Birth Year": "1820", "Death Year": "1895", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Socialism; dialectical materialism" }, { "Philosopher": "Arthur Danto", "Birth Year": "1924", "Death Year": "2013", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of art; end of art" }, { "Philosopher": "Wolfgang Iser", "Birth Year": "1926", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Reader-response theory; literary criticism" }, { "Philosopher": "Seyla Benhabib", "Birth Year": "1951", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Turkish-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; cosmopolitanism" }, { "Philosopher": "Alain de Botton", "Birth Year": "1969", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Swiss-British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy and literature; happiness" }, { "Philosopher": "Willy E. P. Rechnitz", "Birth Year": "1930", "Death Year": "2021", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of youth; social justice" }, { "Philosopher": "Timothy Crusius", "Birth Year": "1966", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Rhetoric; ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Susan Haack", "Birth Year": "1945", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; epistemology" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Feynman", "Birth Year": "1918", "Death Year": "1988", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Physics; philosophy of science" }, { "Philosopher": "Afromusicality", "Birth Year": "Year Year", "Death Year": "Year Year", "Nationality": "Country", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transatlantic slavery; creative art" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Kearney", "Birth Year": "1954", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Irish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Phenomenology; narrative theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Julia Kristeva", "Birth Year": "1941", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Bulgarian-French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Psychoanalysis; semiotics" }, { "Philosopher": "Mikhail Bakhtin", "Birth Year": "1895", "Death Year": "1975", "Nationality": "Russian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Literary theory; dialogism" }, { "Philosopher": "Ruth Amossy", "Birth Year": "1944", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Sociology; discourse analysis" }, { "Philosopher": "Robert B. Brandom", "Birth Year": "1950", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Inference; meaning; language" }, { "Philosopher": "Russell Kirk", "Birth Year": "1918", "Death Year": "1994", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Conservatism; tradition" }, { "Philosopher": "Yascha Mounk", "Birth Year": "1982", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political theory; democracy" }, { "Philosopher": "Mark S. K. Smith", "Birth Year": "1954", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Environmental philosophy; social justice" }, { "Philosopher": "Mary Midgley", "Birth Year": "1919", "Death Year": "2018", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Animal ethics; philosophy of science" }, { "Philosopher": "Eric Voegelin", "Birth Year": "1901", "Death Year": "1985", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosopher; Gnosticism" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Kraut", "Birth Year": "1941", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Ancient philosophy; Aristotle" }, { "Philosopher": "Doris Lessing", "Birth Year": "1919", "Death Year": "2013", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Narrative construction; feminism" }, { "Philosopher": "Viktor Frankl", "Birth Year": "1905", "Death Year": "1997", "Nationality": "Austrian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Logotherapy; existentialism" }, { "Philosopher": "Rudiger Safranski", "Birth Year": "1945", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of life; romanticism" }, { "Philosopher": "Herbert Marcuse", "Birth Year": "1898", "Death Year": "1979", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Revolutionary theory; critical theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Daniel C. Dennett", "Birth Year": "1942", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Consciousness; philosophy of mind" }, { "Philosopher": "Thomas Nagel", "Birth Year": "1937", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; subjective experience" }, { "Philosopher": "Ludwig Wittgenstein", "Birth Year": "1889", "Death Year": "1951", "Nationality": "Austrian-British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Language; logic; meaning" }, { "Philosopher": "George Edward Moore", "Birth Year": "1873", "Death Year": "1958", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Common sense philosophy; ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Gustav Landauer", "Birth Year": "1870", "Death Year": "1919", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Anarchism; sociology" }, { "Philosopher": "John Sherlock", "Birth Year": "Year Year", "Death Year": "Year Year", "Nationality": "Country", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; visual principles" }, { "Philosopher": "Alfred Tarski", "Birth Year": "1901", "Death Year": "1983", "Nationality": "Polish-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Semantic theory; truth theories" }, { "Philosopher": "Lucian Goldmann", "Birth Year": "1913", "Death Year": "1970", "Nationality": "Romanian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Sociology; literature" }, { "Philosopher": "Jean-Paul Sartre", "Birth Year": "1905", "Death Year": "1980", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existentialism; humanism" }, { "Philosopher": "Bitnoruparen", "Birth Year": "1945", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Broad-inner", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Epistemic practices; identity" }, { "Philosopher": "Emma Goldman", "Birth Year": "1869", "Death Year": "1940", "Nationality": "Lithuanian-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Anarchism; feminism" }, { "Philosopher": "Wilhelm Dilthey", "Birth Year": "1833", "Death Year": "1911", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Hermeneutics; life philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Nelson Goodman", "Birth Year": "1906", "Death Year": "1998", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of art; constructionism" }, { "Philosopher": "Rudolph Arnheim", "Birth Year": "1904", "Death Year": "2007", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Visual perception; aesthetics" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard John Neuhaus", "Birth Year": "1936", "Death Year": "2009", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political theology; public philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "Tzvetan Todorov", "Birth Year": "1939", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Bulgarian-French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Literary theory; cultural criticism" }, { "Philosopher": "Reinhold Niebuhr", "Birth Year": "1892", "Death Year": "1971", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Christian realism; political theology" }, { "Philosopher": "Victor Turner", "Birth Year": "1920", "Death Year": "1983", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Ritual studies; social anthropology" }, { "Philosopher": "Judith Harris", "Birth Year": "1948", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Parenting and intelligence; cognitive psychology" }, { "Philosopher": "Simon A. M. Peat", "Birth Year": "1940", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Quantum theory; consciousness" }, { "Philosopher": "Charles Taylor", "Birth Year": "1931", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Canadian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; secularism" }, { "Philosopher": "Chantal Mouffe", "Birth Year": "1943", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Belgian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political theory; agonistic democracy" }, { "Philosopher": "Peter van Inwagen", "Birth Year": "1942", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Metaphysics; philosophy of religion" }, { "Philosopher": "Susan Crean", "Birth Year": "Year Year", "Death Year": "Year Year", "Nationality": "Country", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of law; sociological aspects" }, { "Philosopher": "C.S. Peirce", "Birth Year": "1839", "Death Year": "1914", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; logic" }, { "Philosopher": "Alain Badiou", "Birth Year": "1937", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Event; truth; ontology" }, { "Philosopher": "David Graeber", "Birth Year": "1961", "Death Year": "2020", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Anthropology; economics; activism" }, { "Philosopher": "Achille Mbembe", "Birth Year": "1957", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Cameroonian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Postcolonial theory; necropolitics" }, { "Philosopher": "Siegfried Kracauer", "Birth Year": "1889", "Death Year": "1966", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Film theory; sociology" }, { "Philosopher": "David Hume", "Birth Year": "1711", "Death Year": "1776", "Nationality": "Scottish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Skepticism; empiricism" }, { "Philosopher": "Paul Ricoeur", "Birth Year": "1913", "Death Year": "2005", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Hermeneutics; narrative" }, { "Philosopher": "Jacques Ranci\u00e8re", "Birth Year": "1940", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Politics; aesthetics" }, { "Philosopher": "Martha Nussbaum", "Birth Year": "1947", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Capabilities approach; social justice" }, { "Philosopher": "Simone de Beauvoir", "Birth Year": "1908", "Death Year": "1986", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminism; existential ethics" }, { "Philosopher": "Ralph Waldo Emerson", "Birth Year": "1803", "Death Year": "1882", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transcendentalism; individualism" }, { "Philosopher": "Johann Gottlieb Fichte", "Birth Year": "1762", "Death Year": "1814", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transcendental idealism; self" }, { "Philosopher": "William James", "Birth Year": "1842", "Death Year": "1910", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; psychology" }, { "Philosopher": "Albert Einstein", "Birth Year": "1879", "Death Year": "1955", "Nationality": "German-American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Relativity; philosophy of science" }, { "Philosopher": "Ferdinand de Saussure", "Birth Year": "1857", "Death Year": "1913", "Nationality": "Swiss", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Linguistics; semiology" }, { "Philosopher": "Albert Camus", "Birth Year": "1913", "Death Year": "1960", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Absurdism; existentialism" }, { "Philosopher": "John Stuart Mill", "Birth Year": "1806", "Death Year": "1873", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Utilitarianism; liberty" }, { "Philosopher": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "Birth Year": "1788", "Death Year": "1860", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pessimism; will to live" }, { "Philosopher": "Francis Bacon", "Birth Year": "1561", "Death Year": "1626", "Nationality": "English", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; scientific method" }, { "Philosopher": "Thomas Hobbes", "Birth Year": "1588", "Death Year": "1679", "Nationality": "English", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Leviathan; social contract theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Max Weber", "Birth Year": "1864", "Death Year": "1920", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Sociology; bureaucracy" }, { "Philosopher": "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Birth Year": "1844", "Death Year": "1900", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Will to power; eternal return" }, { "Philosopher": "Rudolf Carnap", "Birth Year": "1891", "Death Year": "1970", "Nationality": "Austrian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Logical positivism; philosophy of language" }, { "Philosopher": "John Locke", "Birth Year": "1632", "Death Year": "1704", "Nationality": "English", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; political philosophy" }, { "Philosopher": "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard", "Birth Year": "1813", "Death Year": "1855", "Nationality": "Danish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Christian existentialism; subjectivity" }, { "Philosopher": "Virginia Woolf", "Birth Year": "1882", "Death Year": "1941", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Modernist literature; gender studies" }, { "Philosopher": "Henri Bergson", "Birth Year": "1859", "Death Year": "1941", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Time and consciousness; intuition" }, { "Philosopher": "David Hume", "Birth Year": "1711", "Death Year": "1776", "Nationality": "Scottish", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; skepticism" }, { "Philosopher": "J\u00fcrgen Habermas", "Birth Year": "1929", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Public sphere; critical theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Giorgio Agamben", "Birth Year": "1942", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "Italian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Biopolitics; state of exception" }, { "Philosopher": "Simone Weil", "Birth Year": "1909", "Death Year": "1943", "Nationality": "French", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; attention" }, { "Philosopher": "C. D. Broad", "Birth Year": "1887", "Death Year": "1971", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; metaphysics" }, { "Philosopher": "Angela Davis", "Birth Year": "1944", "Death Year": NaN, "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Civil rights; prison abolitionism" }, { "Philosopher": "Roger Scruton", "Birth Year": "1944", "Death Year": "2020", "Nationality": "British", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Conservatism; aesthetics" }, { "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty", "Birth Year": "1931", "Death Year": "2007", "Nationality": "American", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; anti-essentialism" }, { "Philosopher": "Satyajit Ray", "Birth Year": "1921", "Death Year": "1992", "Nationality": "Indian", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cinema; art theory" }, { "Philosopher": "Walter Benjamin", "Birth Year": "1892", "Death Year": "1940", "Nationality": "German", "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of art; aura of art" } ]