[
    {
        "Philosopher": "Thales",
        "Birth Year": "624 BC",
        "Death Year": "546 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "First philosopher; naturalism and cosmology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Anaximander",
        "Birth Year": "610 BC",
        "Death Year": "546 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Apeiron; early cosmology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Anaximenes",
        "Birth Year": "586 BC",
        "Death Year": "528 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Air as the primary substance"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Pythagoras",
        "Birth Year": "570 BC",
        "Death Year": "495 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Mathematics, mysticism, and the theory of forms"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Hippocrates",
        "Birth Year": "460 BC",
        "Death Year": "370 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Medicine as a profession; Hippocratic Oath"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Socrates",
        "Birth Year": "470 BC",
        "Death Year": "399 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Socratic method; ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Plato",
        "Birth Year": "427 BC",
        "Death Year": "347 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Theory of Forms; epistemology; the ideal state"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Aristotle",
        "Birth Year": "384 BC",
        "Death Year": "322 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; ethics; politics; logic"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Epicurus",
        "Birth Year": "341 BC",
        "Death Year": "270 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pleasure principle; atomism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Zeno of Citium",
        "Birth Year": "334 BC",
        "Death Year": "262 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Stoicism; virtue ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Diogenes",
        "Birth Year": "400 BC",
        "Death Year": "323 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cynicism; simplicity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Protagoras",
        "Birth Year": "490 BC",
        "Death Year": "420 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Relativism; man is the measure"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Heraclitus",
        "Birth Year": "535 BC",
        "Death Year": "475 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Change as central to the universe"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Parmenides",
        "Birth Year": "515 BC",
        "Death Year": "450 BC",
        "Nationality": "Greek",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Being and the nature of reality"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz",
        "Birth Year": "1646",
        "Death Year": "1716",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Calculus; Monadology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes",
        "Birth Year": "1596",
        "Death Year": "1650",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cogito; Cartesian coordinates; dualism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Hume",
        "Birth Year": "1711",
        "Death Year": "1776",
        "Nationality": "Scottish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; skepticism; naturalism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Immanuel Kant",
        "Birth Year": "1724",
        "Death Year": "1804",
        "Nationality": "Prussian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Categorical imperative; transcendental idealism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel",
        "Birth Year": "1770",
        "Death Year": "1831",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Dialectics; absolute idealism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
        "Birth Year": "1844",
        "Death Year": "1900",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Will to power; eternal recurrence; nihilism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Stuart Mill",
        "Birth Year": "1806",
        "Death Year": "1873",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Utilitarianism; liberty and individual rights"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Thomas Hobbes",
        "Birth Year": "1588",
        "Death Year": "1679",
        "Nationality": "English",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Social contract; materialism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Locke",
        "Birth Year": "1632",
        "Death Year": "1704",
        "Nationality": "English",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Tabula rasa; liberalism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau",
        "Birth Year": "1712",
        "Death Year": "1778",
        "Nationality": "Swiss/French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Social contract; general will"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Simone de Beauvoir",
        "Birth Year": "1908",
        "Death Year": "1986",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminism; existentialism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Martin Heidegger",
        "Birth Year": "1889",
        "Death Year": "1976",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Being-in-the-world; existential phenomenology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Albert Camus",
        "Birth Year": "1913",
        "Death Year": "1960",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Absurdism; the myth of Sisyphus"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard",
        "Birth Year": "1813",
        "Death Year": "1855",
        "Nationality": "Danish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existentialism; subjectivity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Dewey",
        "Birth Year": "1859",
        "Death Year": "1952",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; democracy in education"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Bertrand Russell",
        "Birth Year": "1872",
        "Death Year": "1970",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Analytic philosophy; social criticism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Ludwig Wittgenstein",
        "Birth Year": "1889",
        "Death Year": "1951",
        "Nationality": "Austrian/British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Language games; meaning as use"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "J\u00fcrgen Habermas",
        "Birth Year": "1929",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "The public sphere; communicative action"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Michel Foucault",
        "Birth Year": "1926",
        "Death Year": "1984",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Power/knowledge; discourse analysis"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Jacques Derrida",
        "Birth Year": "1930",
        "Death Year": "2004",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Deconstruction; diff\u00e9rance"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Paul Ricoeur",
        "Birth Year": "1913",
        "Death Year": "2005",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Hermeneutics; narrative identity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Alasdair MacIntyre",
        "Birth Year": "1929",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Scottish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Virtue ethics; tradition"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty",
        "Birth Year": "1931",
        "Death Year": "2007",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatic pluralism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Thomas Nagel",
        "Birth Year": "1937",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Consciousness; subjective/objective distinction"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Daniel Dennett",
        "Birth Year": "1942",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; consciousness as evolution"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Rudolf Carnap",
        "Birth Year": "1891",
        "Death Year": "1970",
        "Nationality": "German/American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Logical positivism; philosophy of science"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Willard Van Orman Quine",
        "Birth Year": "1908",
        "Death Year": "2000",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Indeterminacy of translation; holism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Judith Butler",
        "Birth Year": "1956",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Gender theory; performativity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Slavoj \u017di\u017eek",
        "Birth Year": "1949",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Slovenian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Psychoanalysis; cultural critique"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Martha Nussbaum",
        "Birth Year": "1947",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Capabilities approach; ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Hannah Arendt",
        "Birth Year": "1906",
        "Death Year": "1975",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political theory; totalitarianism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Pierre Bourdieu",
        "Birth Year": "1930",
        "Death Year": "2002",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural capital; habitus"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Thomas Kuhn",
        "Birth Year": "1922",
        "Death Year": "1996",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Structure of scientific revolutions"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Isaiah Berlin",
        "Birth Year": "1909",
        "Death Year": "1997",
        "Nationality": "Russian/British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Value pluralism; two concepts of liberty"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Michael Sandel",
        "Birth Year": "1953",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Communitarianism; justice theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Frantz Fanon",
        "Birth Year": "1925",
        "Death Year": "1961",
        "Nationality": "French-Algerian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Post-colonial theory; the wretched of the earth"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Simone Weil",
        "Birth Year": "1909",
        "Death Year": "1943",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Affection and attention; philosophy of work"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Rainer Maria Rilke",
        "Birth Year": "1875",
        "Death Year": "1926",
        "Nationality": "Austrian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existential themes in poetry"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Lewis",
        "Birth Year": "1941",
        "Death Year": "2001",
        "Nationality": "Australian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Modal realism; philosophy of language"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Searle",
        "Birth Year": "1932",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Language; consciousness; social reality"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Julia Kristeva",
        "Birth Year": "1941",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Bulgarian-French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Psychoanalysis; semiotics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Niels Bohr",
        "Birth Year": "1885",
        "Death Year": "1962",
        "Nationality": "Danish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Quantum theory; complementarity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Albert Einstein",
        "Birth Year": "1879",
        "Death Year": "1955",
        "Nationality": "German/Swiss-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Theory of relativity; philosophy of science"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Karl Popper",
        "Birth Year": "1902",
        "Death Year": "1994",
        "Nationality": "Austrian-British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Falsifiability; scientific method"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Angela Davis",
        "Birth Year": "1944",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Civil rights; feminism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Dawkins",
        "Birth Year": "1941",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Evolutionary biology; science and religion"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Rawls",
        "Birth Year": "1921",
        "Death Year": "2002",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Justice as fairness; political liberalism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Robert Nozick",
        "Birth Year": "1938",
        "Death Year": "2002",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Libertarianism; entitlement theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Chalmers",
        "Birth Year": "1966",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Australian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Consciousness; the hard problem"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Peter Singer",
        "Birth Year": "1946",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Australian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Animal rights; utilitarianism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Cornel West",
        "Birth Year": "1953",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Social justice; race; democracy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Zygmunt Bauman",
        "Birth Year": "1925",
        "Death Year": "2017",
        "Nationality": "Polish-British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Liquid modernity; postmodernity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Byung-Chul Han",
        "Birth Year": "1959",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "South Korean",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Society of exhaustion; digital culture"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Susan Haack",
        "Birth Year": "1945",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; epistemology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Paul II",
        "Birth Year": "1920",
        "Death Year": "2005",
        "Nationality": "Polish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of human dignity; social ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Catherine Malabou",
        "Birth Year": "1959",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Neurophilosophy; plasticity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Iris Murdoch",
        "Birth Year": "1919",
        "Death Year": "1999",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Love and ethics; moral philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Tarnas",
        "Birth Year": "1950",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural philosophy; archetypal psychology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Clark Glymour",
        "Birth Year": "1943",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; causal inference"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Linda Mart\u00edn Alcoff",
        "Birth Year": "1948",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist epistemology; race theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Robert Brandom",
        "Birth Year": "1950",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Inferentialism; semantics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Daniel Kahneman",
        "Birth Year": "1934",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Israeli-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Behavioral economics; judgment"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Amartya Sen",
        "Birth Year": "1933",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Indian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Welfare economics; capabilities approach"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Ruth Millikan",
        "Birth Year": "1933",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Biological classification; language"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Elizabeth Anscombe",
        "Birth Year": "1910",
        "Death Year": "2001",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Action theory; intention"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Bernard Lonergan",
        "Birth Year": "1904",
        "Death Year": "1984",
        "Nationality": "Canadian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cognitional theory; theological ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Nancy Fraser",
        "Birth Year": "1947",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist theory; social justice"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Joanna Bourke",
        "Birth Year": "1955",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "War and gender; history"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Simone de Beauvoir",
        "Birth Year": "1908",
        "Death Year": "1986",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existential feminism; ethics of ambiguity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Karl Marx",
        "Birth Year": "1818",
        "Death Year": "1883",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Historical materialism; capitalism critique"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Friedrich Engels",
        "Birth Year": "1820",
        "Death Year": "1895",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Socialism; materialist conception of history"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Eduard Bernstein",
        "Birth Year": "1850",
        "Death Year": "1932",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Revisionism in socialism; democratic socialism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Antonio Gramsci",
        "Birth Year": "1891",
        "Death Year": "1937",
        "Nationality": "Italian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural hegemony; marxist theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Herbert Marcuse",
        "Birth Year": "1898",
        "Death Year": "1979",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; one-dimensional man"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Michel de Certeau",
        "Birth Year": "1925",
        "Death Year": "1986",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "The practice of everyday life; cultural practices"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Max Horkheimer",
        "Birth Year": "1895",
        "Death Year": "1973",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; social philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Theodore Adorno",
        "Birth Year": "1903",
        "Death Year": "1969",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; aesthetics; culture industry"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Giorgio Agamben",
        "Birth Year": "1942",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Italian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "State of exception; biopolitics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Rosi Braidotti",
        "Birth Year": "1954",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Italian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Posthumanism; feminist philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Judith Butler",
        "Birth Year": "1956",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Gender performativity; queer theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Slavoj \u017di\u017eek",
        "Birth Year": "1949",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Slovenian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural critiques; ideology critique"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty",
        "Birth Year": "1931",
        "Death Year": "2007",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Bertrand Russell",
        "Birth Year": "1872",
        "Death Year": "1970",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Analytical philosophy; logic"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Jacques Derrida",
        "Birth Year": "1930",
        "Death Year": "2004",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Deconstruction; post-structuralism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Deely",
        "Birth Year": "1939",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Semiotics; philosophy of signs"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Timothy Williamson",
        "Birth Year": "1955",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Knowledge and logic; epistemology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Robert Brandom",
        "Birth Year": "1950",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Inference and meaning; scorekeeping"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David K. Lewis",
        "Birth Year": "1941",
        "Death Year": "2001",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Modal realism; possible worlds"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Stephen Mulhall",
        "Birth Year": "1968",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy and literature; hermeneutics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Daniel Dennett",
        "Birth Year": "1942",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; free will"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Peter Godfrey-Smith",
        "Birth Year": "1956",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Australian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of biology; consciousness"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Elizabeth Mill\u00e1n",
        "Birth Year": "1970",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; logic"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Simon Blackburn",
        "Birth Year": "1944",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Moral philosophy; expressivism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Nancy Cartwright",
        "Birth Year": "1944",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; scientific models"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Jesse Prinz",
        "Birth Year": "1966",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; aesthetics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Tamler Sommers",
        "Birth Year": "1974",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of moral responsibility"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "J\u00fcrgen Habermas",
        "Birth Year": "1929",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Public sphere; communicative rationality"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Elizabeth Anscombe",
        "Birth Year": "1910",
        "Death Year": "2001",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Moral philosophy; intention"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Micro-Macroeconomics",
        "Birth Year": "Year Year",
        "Death Year": "Year Year",
        "Nationality": "Country",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Economics; Greater Awareness"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Searle",
        "Birth Year": "1932",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Language; consciousness; social reality"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Martha Nussbaum",
        "Birth Year": "1947",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Capabilities approach; philosophy of emotion"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Ludwig Feuerbach",
        "Birth Year": "1804",
        "Death Year": "1872",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Materialism; critique of religion"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Hartley",
        "Birth Year": "1705",
        "Death Year": "1757",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Associationism; psychology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Baruch Spinoza",
        "Birth Year": "1632",
        "Death Year": "1677",
        "Nationality": "Dutch",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Ethics; rationalism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Hume",
        "Birth Year": "1711",
        "Death Year": "1776",
        "Nationality": "Scottish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; skepticism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Bertrand Russell",
        "Birth Year": "1872",
        "Death Year": "1970",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Analytic philosophy; logic"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Alfred North Whitehead",
        "Birth Year": "1861",
        "Death Year": "1947",
        "Nationality": "British-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Process philosophy; metaphysics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard",
        "Birth Year": "1813",
        "Death Year": "1855",
        "Nationality": "Danish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existentialism; subjectivity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Paul Feyerabend",
        "Birth Year": "1924",
        "Death Year": "1994",
        "Nationality": "Austrian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Epistemological anarchism; philosophy of science"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "George Herbert Mead",
        "Birth Year": "1863",
        "Death Year": "1931",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Symbolic interactionism; social psychology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Wilfrid Sellars",
        "Birth Year": "1912",
        "Death Year": "1989",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; scientific realism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Michael Dummett",
        "Birth Year": "1925",
        "Death Year": "2011",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; anti-realism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty",
        "Birth Year": "1931",
        "Death Year": "2007",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Timothy Williamson",
        "Birth Year": "1955",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Epistemology; knowledge"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Hilary Putnam",
        "Birth Year": "1926",
        "Death Year": "2016",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; realism/anti-realism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Marilyn Frye",
        "Birth Year": "1941",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist philosophy; oppression"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Estelle Disch",
        "Birth Year": "1947",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist theory; political philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Kristin A. G. Chalmers",
        "Birth Year": "1946",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Social Philosophy; Gender"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "M. T. L. Chen",
        "Birth Year": "1948",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Moral Philosophy; ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Luigi Pareyson",
        "Birth Year": "1918",
        "Death Year": "1992",
        "Nationality": "Italian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Hermeneutics; aesthetics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Henri Bergson",
        "Birth Year": "1859",
        "Death Year": "1941",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Time and consciousness; creative evolution"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Samuel Alexander",
        "Birth Year": "1859",
        "Death Year": "1938",
        "Nationality": "Australian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Aesthetic experience; philosophy of space"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Alfred Tarski",
        "Birth Year": "1901",
        "Death Year": "1983",
        "Nationality": "Polish-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Semantics; truth"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Yascha Mounk",
        "Birth Year": "1982",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political Philosophy; Democracy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Drucilla Cornell",
        "Birth Year": "1946",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; feminist philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Michael Sandel",
        "Birth Year": "1953",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; communitarianism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "M. M. Nussbaum",
        "Birth Year": "1947",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; capabilities approach"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Walter Benjamin",
        "Birth Year": "1892",
        "Death Year": "1940",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural criticism; aesthetic theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Giorgio Agamben",
        "Birth Year": "1942",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Italian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Biopolitics; state of exception"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Alfred North Whitehead",
        "Birth Year": "1861",
        "Death Year": "1947",
        "Nationality": "British-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Process philosophy; metaphysics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Simone Weil",
        "Birth Year": "1909",
        "Death Year": "1943",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of work; political philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Arnold Geulincx",
        "Birth Year": "1625",
        "Death Year": "1695",
        "Nationality": "Flemish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Occasionalism; philosophy of mind"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Max Scheler",
        "Birth Year": "1874",
        "Death Year": "1928",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Phenomenology; value theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Benedict de Spinoza",
        "Birth Year": "1632",
        "Death Year": "1677",
        "Nationality": "Dutch",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Ethics; rationalism; pantheism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Herbert Marcuse",
        "Birth Year": "1898",
        "Death Year": "1979",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Radical theory; critical theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Robert Brandom",
        "Birth Year": "1950",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Semantic inferentialism; language"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Leo Strauss",
        "Birth Year": "1899",
        "Death Year": "1973",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; moderation"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Ludwig Wittgenstein",
        "Birth Year": "1889",
        "Death Year": "1951",
        "Nationality": "Austrian-British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; meaning"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Jacques Lacan",
        "Birth Year": "1901",
        "Death Year": "1981",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Psychoanalysis; the Real, the Imaginary, the Symbolic"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard M. Rorty",
        "Birth Year": "1931",
        "Death Year": "2007",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "The linguistic turn; pragmatism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Papineau",
        "Birth Year": "1947",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; philosophy of mind"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Noam Chomsky",
        "Birth Year": "1928",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Linguistics; political philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Timothy Williamson",
        "Birth Year": "1955",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Knowledge and epistemology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Iris Murdoch",
        "Birth Year": "1919",
        "Death Year": "1999",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Morality; existentialism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Martin Buber",
        "Birth Year": "1878",
        "Death Year": "1965",
        "Nationality": "Austrian-Israeli",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "I-Thou relation; dialogue"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Arthur Schopenhauer",
        "Birth Year": "1788",
        "Death Year": "1860",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pessimism; will to live"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Adolf Reinach",
        "Birth Year": "1883",
        "Death Year": "1917",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Phenomenology; social ontology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "\u00c9mile Durkheim",
        "Birth Year": "1858",
        "Death Year": "1917",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Sociology; structural functionalism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "C. D. Broad",
        "Birth Year": "1887",
        "Death Year": "1971",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; metaphysics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Alexis de Tocqueville",
        "Birth Year": "1805",
        "Death Year": "1859",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; democracy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Paul Ricoeur",
        "Birth Year": "1913",
        "Death Year": "2005",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Hermeneutics; narrative identity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard",
        "Birth Year": "1924",
        "Death Year": "1998",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Postmodernism; the sublime"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Paul Tillich",
        "Birth Year": "1886",
        "Death Year": "1965",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Theology; existentialism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Josef Breuer",
        "Birth Year": "1842",
        "Death Year": "1925",
        "Nationality": "Austrian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Psychoanalysis; psychological research"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Gilbert Ryle",
        "Birth Year": "1900",
        "Death Year": "1976",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Behaviorism; philosophy of mind"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "George Edward Moore",
        "Birth Year": "1873",
        "Death Year": "1958",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Principia Ethica; common-sense philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Oscar Wilde",
        "Birth Year": "1854",
        "Death Year": "1900",
        "Nationality": "Irish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Aestheticism; criticism of morality"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Bertrand Russell",
        "Birth Year": "1872",
        "Death Year": "1970",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Logic; analytical philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Henry David Thoreau",
        "Birth Year": "1817",
        "Death Year": "1862",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transcendentalism; civil disobedience"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Susan Sontag",
        "Birth Year": "1933",
        "Death Year": "2004",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cultural criticism; photography"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Jean-Paul Sartre",
        "Birth Year": "1905",
        "Death Year": "1980",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existentialism; freedom"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Rudolf Carnap",
        "Birth Year": "1891",
        "Death Year": "1970",
        "Nationality": "German/American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Analytic philosophy; semantics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Hannah Arendt",
        "Birth Year": "1906",
        "Death Year": "1975",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political theory; totalitarianism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Martin Heidegger",
        "Birth Year": "1889",
        "Death Year": "1976",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Phenomenology; existentialism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Stuart Mill",
        "Birth Year": "1806",
        "Death Year": "1873",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Utilitarianism; social liberty"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Thomas Nagel",
        "Birth Year": "1937",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Mind and body; subjective experience"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Locke",
        "Birth Year": "1632",
        "Death Year": "1704",
        "Nationality": "English",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Tabula rasa; empiricism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Hume",
        "Birth Year": "1711",
        "Death Year": "1776",
        "Nationality": "Scottish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; skepticism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Immanuel Kant",
        "Birth Year": "1724",
        "Death Year": "1804",
        "Nationality": "Prussian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transcendental philosophy; moral law"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel",
        "Birth Year": "1770",
        "Death Year": "1831",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Dialectical method; absolute idealism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
        "Birth Year": "1844",
        "Death Year": "1900",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Will to power; critique of morality"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Simone de Beauvoir",
        "Birth Year": "1908",
        "Death Year": "1986",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminism; existentialism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard",
        "Birth Year": "1813",
        "Death Year": "1855",
        "Nationality": "Danish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existential philosophy; individualism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Alfred North Whitehead",
        "Birth Year": "1861",
        "Death Year": "1947",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Process thought; metaphysics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Frantz Fanon",
        "Birth Year": "1925",
        "Death Year": "1961",
        "Nationality": "French-Algerian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Post-colonial theory; racism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Dawkins",
        "Birth Year": "1941",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Biology; memetics; atheism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Edward Said",
        "Birth Year": "1935",
        "Death Year": "2003",
        "Nationality": "Palestinian-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Orientalism; post-colonial criticism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Griffiths",
        "Birth Year": "1952",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Biopolitics; political philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Judith Butler",
        "Birth Year": "1956",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Gender theory; queer theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty",
        "Birth Year": "1931",
        "Death Year": "2007",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; language games"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Lewis",
        "Birth Year": "1941",
        "Death Year": "2001",
        "Nationality": "Australian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Possible worlds; modal realism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Michel Foucault",
        "Birth Year": "1926",
        "Death Year": "1984",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Discourse; power relations; genealogy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Alasdair MacIntyre",
        "Birth Year": "1929",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Scottish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Virtue ethics; narrative tradition"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Daniel Dennett",
        "Birth Year": "1942",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; consciousness"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Stephen Pinker",
        "Birth Year": "1954",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Canadian-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cognitive science; psychology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Daniel Kahneman",
        "Birth Year": "1934",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Israeli-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Behavioral economics; cognitive biases"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Donald Davidson",
        "Birth Year": "1917",
        "Death Year": "2003",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Interpretation; action theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Peter Singer",
        "Birth Year": "1946",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Australian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Animal rights; utilitarian ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Ohm J. R. H.",
        "Birth Year": "1804",
        "Death Year": "1978",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of perception; sociological dimensions"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Robert Nozick",
        "Birth Year": "1938",
        "Death Year": "2002",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Entitlement theory; libertarianism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Wright",
        "Birth Year": "1908",
        "Death Year": "1960",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Literature; civil rights"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Clarence Thomas",
        "Birth Year": "1948",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Legal realism; originalism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Amartya Sen",
        "Birth Year": "1933",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Indian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Development economics; social choice theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Paul Feyerabend",
        "Birth Year": "1924",
        "Death Year": "1994",
        "Nationality": "Austrian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; anarchy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Niels Bohr",
        "Birth Year": "1885",
        "Death Year": "1962",
        "Nationality": "Danish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Quantum theory; philosophical implications"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss",
        "Birth Year": "1908",
        "Death Year": "2009",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Structural anthropology; myth"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Hume",
        "Birth Year": "1711",
        "Death Year": "1776",
        "Nationality": "Scottish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; naturalism)"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Charles Sanders Peirce",
        "Birth Year": "1839",
        "Death Year": "1914",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; semiotics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "J.G. Fichte",
        "Birth Year": "1762",
        "Death Year": "1814",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transcendental idealism; self-consciousness"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Gottlob Frege",
        "Birth Year": "1848",
        "Death Year": "1925",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Logic; philosophy of language"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Isaiah Berlin",
        "Birth Year": "1909",
        "Death Year": "1997",
        "Nationality": "Russian-British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Value pluralism; liberty"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Peter F. Strawson",
        "Birth Year": "1919",
        "Death Year": "2006",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; metaphysics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Papineau",
        "Birth Year": "1947",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; philosophical naturalism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Nancy Cartwright",
        "Birth Year": "1944",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; explanation"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Andrea Bianchi",
        "Birth Year": "1955",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Italian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Overlapping models; structuralism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Thomas Reid",
        "Birth Year": "1710",
        "Death Year": "1796",
        "Nationality": "Scottish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Common sense philosophy; epistemology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard M. Hare",
        "Birth Year": "1919",
        "Death Year": "2002",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Moral philosophy; prescriptivism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Hilary Putnam",
        "Birth Year": "1926",
        "Death Year": "2016",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Realism; philosophy of mind"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Paul Ric\u0153ur",
        "Birth Year": "1913",
        "Death Year": "2005",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Narrative theory; hermeneutics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "W. V. O. Quine",
        "Birth Year": "1908",
        "Death Year": "2000",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; ontological relativity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Lucy Irigaray",
        "Birth Year": "1930",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Belgian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist philosophy; subjectivity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Simon Critchley",
        "Birth Year": "1960",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Ethics; political philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "J\u00fcrgen Habermas",
        "Birth Year": "1929",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Communicative rationality; discourse ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty",
        "Birth Year": "1931",
        "Death Year": "2007",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatic philosophy; anti-foundationalism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Charles Taylor",
        "Birth Year": "1931",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Canadian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of social science; modernity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Thomas Nagel",
        "Birth Year": "1937",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; ethical theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Orson Scott Card",
        "Birth Year": "1951",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Theology; literature and philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Agnes Heller",
        "Birth Year": "1929",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Hungarian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Christina Hoff Sommers",
        "Birth Year": "1950",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminist philosophy; equity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Luc Nu\u00f1ez",
        "Birth Year": "1965",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "European",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Critical theory; psychoanalysis"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Georg Simmel",
        "Birth Year": "1858",
        "Death Year": "1918",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Sociology; social forms"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Arthur Schopenhauer",
        "Birth Year": "1788",
        "Death Year": "1860",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of pessimism; metaphysics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Leo Strauss",
        "Birth Year": "1899",
        "Death Year": "1973",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; natural right"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Jacques Derrida",
        "Birth Year": "1930",
        "Death Year": "2004",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Deconstruction; poststructuralism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Friedrich Engels",
        "Birth Year": "1820",
        "Death Year": "1895",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Socialism; dialectical materialism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Arthur Danto",
        "Birth Year": "1924",
        "Death Year": "2013",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of art; end of art"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Wolfgang Iser",
        "Birth Year": "1926",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Reader-response theory; literary criticism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Seyla Benhabib",
        "Birth Year": "1951",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Turkish-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; cosmopolitanism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Alain de Botton",
        "Birth Year": "1969",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Swiss-British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy and literature; happiness"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Willy E. P. Rechnitz",
        "Birth Year": "1930",
        "Death Year": "2021",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of youth; social justice"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Timothy Crusius",
        "Birth Year": "1966",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Rhetoric; ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Susan Haack",
        "Birth Year": "1945",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; epistemology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Feynman",
        "Birth Year": "1918",
        "Death Year": "1988",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Physics; philosophy of science"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Afromusicality",
        "Birth Year": "Year Year",
        "Death Year": "Year Year",
        "Nationality": "Country",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transatlantic slavery; creative art"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Kearney",
        "Birth Year": "1954",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Irish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Phenomenology; narrative theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Julia Kristeva",
        "Birth Year": "1941",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Bulgarian-French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Psychoanalysis; semiotics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Mikhail Bakhtin",
        "Birth Year": "1895",
        "Death Year": "1975",
        "Nationality": "Russian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Literary theory; dialogism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Ruth Amossy",
        "Birth Year": "1944",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Sociology; discourse analysis"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Robert B. Brandom",
        "Birth Year": "1950",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Inference; meaning; language"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Russell Kirk",
        "Birth Year": "1918",
        "Death Year": "1994",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Conservatism; tradition"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Yascha Mounk",
        "Birth Year": "1982",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political theory; democracy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Mark S. K. Smith",
        "Birth Year": "1954",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Environmental philosophy; social justice"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Mary Midgley",
        "Birth Year": "1919",
        "Death Year": "2018",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Animal ethics; philosophy of science"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Eric Voegelin",
        "Birth Year": "1901",
        "Death Year": "1985",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosopher; Gnosticism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Kraut",
        "Birth Year": "1941",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Ancient philosophy; Aristotle"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Doris Lessing",
        "Birth Year": "1919",
        "Death Year": "2013",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Narrative construction; feminism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Viktor Frankl",
        "Birth Year": "1905",
        "Death Year": "1997",
        "Nationality": "Austrian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Logotherapy; existentialism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Rudiger Safranski",
        "Birth Year": "1945",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of life; romanticism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Herbert Marcuse",
        "Birth Year": "1898",
        "Death Year": "1979",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Revolutionary theory; critical theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Daniel C. Dennett",
        "Birth Year": "1942",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Consciousness; philosophy of mind"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Thomas Nagel",
        "Birth Year": "1937",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; subjective experience"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Ludwig Wittgenstein",
        "Birth Year": "1889",
        "Death Year": "1951",
        "Nationality": "Austrian-British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Language; logic; meaning"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "George Edward Moore",
        "Birth Year": "1873",
        "Death Year": "1958",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Common sense philosophy; ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Gustav Landauer",
        "Birth Year": "1870",
        "Death Year": "1919",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Anarchism; sociology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Sherlock",
        "Birth Year": "Year Year",
        "Death Year": "Year Year",
        "Nationality": "Country",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of science; visual principles"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Alfred Tarski",
        "Birth Year": "1901",
        "Death Year": "1983",
        "Nationality": "Polish-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Semantic theory; truth theories"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Lucian Goldmann",
        "Birth Year": "1913",
        "Death Year": "1970",
        "Nationality": "Romanian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Sociology; literature"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Jean-Paul Sartre",
        "Birth Year": "1905",
        "Death Year": "1980",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Existentialism; humanism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Bitnoruparen",
        "Birth Year": "1945",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Broad-inner",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Epistemic practices; identity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Emma Goldman",
        "Birth Year": "1869",
        "Death Year": "1940",
        "Nationality": "Lithuanian-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Anarchism; feminism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Wilhelm Dilthey",
        "Birth Year": "1833",
        "Death Year": "1911",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Hermeneutics; life philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Nelson Goodman",
        "Birth Year": "1906",
        "Death Year": "1998",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of art; constructionism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Rudolph Arnheim",
        "Birth Year": "1904",
        "Death Year": "2007",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Visual perception; aesthetics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard John Neuhaus",
        "Birth Year": "1936",
        "Death Year": "2009",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political theology; public philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Tzvetan Todorov",
        "Birth Year": "1939",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Bulgarian-French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Literary theory; cultural criticism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Reinhold Niebuhr",
        "Birth Year": "1892",
        "Death Year": "1971",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Christian realism; political theology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Victor Turner",
        "Birth Year": "1920",
        "Death Year": "1983",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Ritual studies; social anthropology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Judith Harris",
        "Birth Year": "1948",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Parenting and intelligence; cognitive psychology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Simon A. M. Peat",
        "Birth Year": "1940",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Quantum theory; consciousness"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Charles Taylor",
        "Birth Year": "1931",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Canadian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of language; secularism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Chantal Mouffe",
        "Birth Year": "1943",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Belgian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political theory; agonistic democracy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Peter van Inwagen",
        "Birth Year": "1942",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Metaphysics; philosophy of religion"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Susan Crean",
        "Birth Year": "Year Year",
        "Death Year": "Year Year",
        "Nationality": "Country",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of law; sociological aspects"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "C.S. Peirce",
        "Birth Year": "1839",
        "Death Year": "1914",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; logic"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Alain Badiou",
        "Birth Year": "1937",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Event; truth; ontology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Graeber",
        "Birth Year": "1961",
        "Death Year": "2020",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Anthropology; economics; activism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Achille Mbembe",
        "Birth Year": "1957",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Cameroonian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Postcolonial theory; necropolitics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Siegfried Kracauer",
        "Birth Year": "1889",
        "Death Year": "1966",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Film theory; sociology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Hume",
        "Birth Year": "1711",
        "Death Year": "1776",
        "Nationality": "Scottish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Skepticism; empiricism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Paul Ricoeur",
        "Birth Year": "1913",
        "Death Year": "2005",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Hermeneutics; narrative"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Jacques Ranci\u00e8re",
        "Birth Year": "1940",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Politics; aesthetics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Martha Nussbaum",
        "Birth Year": "1947",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Capabilities approach; social justice"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Simone de Beauvoir",
        "Birth Year": "1908",
        "Death Year": "1986",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Feminism; existential ethics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Ralph Waldo Emerson",
        "Birth Year": "1803",
        "Death Year": "1882",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transcendentalism; individualism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Johann Gottlieb Fichte",
        "Birth Year": "1762",
        "Death Year": "1814",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Transcendental idealism; self"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "William James",
        "Birth Year": "1842",
        "Death Year": "1910",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; psychology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Albert Einstein",
        "Birth Year": "1879",
        "Death Year": "1955",
        "Nationality": "German-American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Relativity; philosophy of science"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Ferdinand de Saussure",
        "Birth Year": "1857",
        "Death Year": "1913",
        "Nationality": "Swiss",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Linguistics; semiology"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Albert Camus",
        "Birth Year": "1913",
        "Death Year": "1960",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Absurdism; existentialism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Stuart Mill",
        "Birth Year": "1806",
        "Death Year": "1873",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Utilitarianism; liberty"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Arthur Schopenhauer",
        "Birth Year": "1788",
        "Death Year": "1860",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pessimism; will to live"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Francis Bacon",
        "Birth Year": "1561",
        "Death Year": "1626",
        "Nationality": "English",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; scientific method"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Thomas Hobbes",
        "Birth Year": "1588",
        "Death Year": "1679",
        "Nationality": "English",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Leviathan; social contract theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Max Weber",
        "Birth Year": "1864",
        "Death Year": "1920",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Sociology; bureaucracy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
        "Birth Year": "1844",
        "Death Year": "1900",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Will to power; eternal return"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Rudolf Carnap",
        "Birth Year": "1891",
        "Death Year": "1970",
        "Nationality": "Austrian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Logical positivism; philosophy of language"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "John Locke",
        "Birth Year": "1632",
        "Death Year": "1704",
        "Nationality": "English",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; political philosophy"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard",
        "Birth Year": "1813",
        "Death Year": "1855",
        "Nationality": "Danish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Christian existentialism; subjectivity"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Virginia Woolf",
        "Birth Year": "1882",
        "Death Year": "1941",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Modernist literature; gender studies"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Henri Bergson",
        "Birth Year": "1859",
        "Death Year": "1941",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Time and consciousness; intuition"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "David Hume",
        "Birth Year": "1711",
        "Death Year": "1776",
        "Nationality": "Scottish",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Empiricism; skepticism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "J\u00fcrgen Habermas",
        "Birth Year": "1929",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Public sphere; critical theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Giorgio Agamben",
        "Birth Year": "1942",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "Italian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Biopolitics; state of exception"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Simone Weil",
        "Birth Year": "1909",
        "Death Year": "1943",
        "Nationality": "French",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Political philosophy; attention"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "C. D. Broad",
        "Birth Year": "1887",
        "Death Year": "1971",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of mind; metaphysics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Angela Davis",
        "Birth Year": "1944",
        "Death Year": NaN,
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Civil rights; prison abolitionism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Roger Scruton",
        "Birth Year": "1944",
        "Death Year": "2020",
        "Nationality": "British",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Conservatism; aesthetics"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Richard Rorty",
        "Birth Year": "1931",
        "Death Year": "2007",
        "Nationality": "American",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Pragmatism; anti-essentialism"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Satyajit Ray",
        "Birth Year": "1921",
        "Death Year": "1992",
        "Nationality": "Indian",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Cinema; art theory"
    },
    {
        "Philosopher": "Walter Benjamin",
        "Birth Year": "1892",
        "Death Year": "1940",
        "Nationality": "German",
        "Main Ideas/Contributions": "Philosophy of art; aura of art"
    }
]