| Thales |
624 BC |
546 BC |
Greek |
First philosopher; naturalism and cosmology |
| Anaximander |
610 BC |
546 BC |
Greek |
Apeiron; early cosmology |
| Anaximenes |
586 BC |
528 BC |
Greek |
Air as the primary substance |
| Pythagoras |
570 BC |
495 BC |
Greek |
Mathematics, mysticism, and the theory of forms |
| Hippocrates |
460 BC |
370 BC |
Greek |
Medicine as a profession; Hippocratic Oath |
| Socrates |
470 BC |
399 BC |
Greek |
Socratic method; ethics |
| Plato |
427 BC |
347 BC |
Greek |
Theory of Forms; epistemology; the ideal state |
| Aristotle |
384 BC |
322 BC |
Greek |
Empiricism; ethics; politics; logic |
| Epicurus |
341 BC |
270 BC |
Greek |
Pleasure principle; atomism |
| Zeno of Citium |
334 BC |
262 BC |
Greek |
Stoicism; virtue ethics |
| Diogenes |
400 BC |
323 BC |
Greek |
Cynicism; simplicity |
| Protagoras |
490 BC |
420 BC |
Greek |
Relativism; man is the measure |
| Heraclitus |
535 BC |
475 BC |
Greek |
Change as central to the universe |
| Parmenides |
515 BC |
450 BC |
Greek |
Being and the nature of reality |
| Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz |
1646 |
1716 |
German |
Calculus; Monadology |
| René Descartes |
1596 |
1650 |
French |
Cogito; Cartesian coordinates; dualism |
| David Hume |
1711 |
1776 |
Scottish |
Empiricism; skepticism; naturalism |
| Immanuel Kant |
1724 |
1804 |
Prussian |
Categorical imperative; transcendental idealism |
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel |
1770 |
1831 |
German |
Dialectics; absolute idealism |
| Friedrich Nietzsche |
1844 |
1900 |
German |
Will to power; eternal recurrence; nihilism |
| John Stuart Mill |
1806 |
1873 |
British |
Utilitarianism; liberty and individual rights |
| Thomas Hobbes |
1588 |
1679 |
English |
Social contract; materialism |
| John Locke |
1632 |
1704 |
English |
Tabula rasa; liberalism |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
1712 |
1778 |
Swiss/French |
Social contract; general will |
| Simone de Beauvoir |
1908 |
1986 |
French |
Feminism; existentialism |
| Martin Heidegger |
1889 |
1976 |
German |
Being-in-the-world; existential phenomenology |
| Albert Camus |
1913 |
1960 |
French |
Absurdism; the myth of Sisyphus |
| Søren Kierkegaard |
1813 |
1855 |
Danish |
Existentialism; subjectivity |
| John Dewey |
1859 |
1952 |
American |
Pragmatism; democracy in education |
| Bertrand Russell |
1872 |
1970 |
British |
Analytic philosophy; social criticism |
| Ludwig Wittgenstein |
1889 |
1951 |
Austrian/British |
Language games; meaning as use |
| Jürgen Habermas |
1929 |
NaN |
German |
The public sphere; communicative action |
| Michel Foucault |
1926 |
1984 |
French |
Power/knowledge; discourse analysis |
| Jacques Derrida |
1930 |
2004 |
French |
Deconstruction; différance |
| Paul Ricoeur |
1913 |
2005 |
French |
Hermeneutics; narrative identity |
| Alasdair MacIntyre |
1929 |
NaN |
Scottish |
Virtue ethics; tradition |
| Richard Rorty |
1931 |
2007 |
American |
Pragmatic pluralism |
| Thomas Nagel |
1937 |
NaN |
American |
Consciousness; subjective/objective distinction |
| Daniel Dennett |
1942 |
NaN |
American |
Philosophy of mind; consciousness as evolution |
| Rudolf Carnap |
1891 |
1970 |
German/American |
Logical positivism; philosophy of science |
| Willard Van Orman Quine |
1908 |
2000 |
American |
Indeterminacy of translation; holism |
| Judith Butler |
1956 |
NaN |
American |
Gender theory; performativity |
| Slavoj Žižek |
1949 |
NaN |
Slovenian |
Psychoanalysis; cultural critique |
| Martha Nussbaum |
1947 |
NaN |
American |
Capabilities approach; ethics |
| Hannah Arendt |
1906 |
1975 |
German-American |
Political theory; totalitarianism |
| Pierre Bourdieu |
1930 |
2002 |
French |
Cultural capital; habitus |
| Thomas Kuhn |
1922 |
1996 |
American |
Structure of scientific revolutions |
| Isaiah Berlin |
1909 |
1997 |
Russian/British |
Value pluralism; two concepts of liberty |
| Michael Sandel |
1953 |
NaN |
American |
Communitarianism; justice theory |
| Frantz Fanon |
1925 |
1961 |
French-Algerian |
Post-colonial theory; the wretched of the earth |
| Simone Weil |
1909 |
1943 |
French |
Affection and attention; philosophy of work |
| Rainer Maria Rilke |
1875 |
1926 |
Austrian |
Existential themes in poetry |
| David Lewis |
1941 |
2001 |
Australian |
Modal realism; philosophy of language |
| John Searle |
1932 |
NaN |
American |
Language; consciousness; social reality |
| Julia Kristeva |
1941 |
NaN |
Bulgarian-French |
Psychoanalysis; semiotics |
| Niels Bohr |
1885 |
1962 |
Danish |
Quantum theory; complementarity |
| Albert Einstein |
1879 |
1955 |
German/Swiss-American |
Theory of relativity; philosophy of science |
| Karl Popper |
1902 |
1994 |
Austrian-British |
Falsifiability; scientific method |
| Angela Davis |
1944 |
NaN |
American |
Civil rights; feminism |
| Richard Dawkins |
1941 |
NaN |
British |
Evolutionary biology; science and religion |
| John Rawls |
1921 |
2002 |
American |
Justice as fairness; political liberalism |
| Robert Nozick |
1938 |
2002 |
American |
Libertarianism; entitlement theory |
| David Chalmers |
1966 |
NaN |
Australian |
Consciousness; the hard problem |
| Peter Singer |
1946 |
NaN |
Australian |
Animal rights; utilitarianism |
| Cornel West |
1953 |
NaN |
American |
Social justice; race; democracy |
| Zygmunt Bauman |
1925 |
2017 |
Polish-British |
Liquid modernity; postmodernity |
| Byung-Chul Han |
1959 |
NaN |
South Korean |
Society of exhaustion; digital culture |
| Susan Haack |
1945 |
NaN |
American |
Pragmatism; epistemology |
| John Paul II |
1920 |
2005 |
Polish |
Philosophy of human dignity; social ethics |
| Catherine Malabou |
1959 |
NaN |
French |
Neurophilosophy; plasticity |
| Iris Murdoch |
1919 |
1999 |
British |
Love and ethics; moral philosophy |
| Richard Tarnas |
1950 |
NaN |
American |
Cultural philosophy; archetypal psychology |
| Clark Glymour |
1943 |
NaN |
American |
Philosophy of science; causal inference |
| Linda Martín Alcoff |
1948 |
NaN |
American |
Feminist epistemology; race theory |
| Robert Brandom |
1950 |
NaN |
American |
Inferentialism; semantics |
| Daniel Kahneman |
1934 |
NaN |
Israeli-American |
Behavioral economics; judgment |
| Amartya Sen |
1933 |
NaN |
Indian |
Welfare economics; capabilities approach |
| Ruth Millikan |
1933 |
NaN |
American |
Biological classification; language |
| Elizabeth Anscombe |
1910 |
2001 |
British |
Action theory; intention |
| Bernard Lonergan |
1904 |
1984 |
Canadian |
Cognitional theory; theological ethics |
| Nancy Fraser |
1947 |
NaN |
American |
Feminist theory; social justice |
| Joanna Bourke |
1955 |
NaN |
British |
War and gender; history |
| Simone de Beauvoir |
1908 |
1986 |
French |
Existential feminism; ethics of ambiguity |
| Karl Marx |
1818 |
1883 |
German |
Historical materialism; capitalism critique |
| Friedrich Engels |
1820 |
1895 |
German |
Socialism; materialist conception of history |
| Eduard Bernstein |
1850 |
1932 |
German |
Revisionism in socialism; democratic socialism |
| Antonio Gramsci |
1891 |
1937 |
Italian |
Cultural hegemony; marxist theory |
| Herbert Marcuse |
1898 |
1979 |
German-American |
Critical theory; one-dimensional man |
| Michel de Certeau |
1925 |
1986 |
French |
The practice of everyday life; cultural practices |
| Max Horkheimer |
1895 |
1973 |
German-American |
Critical theory; social philosophy |
| Theodore Adorno |
1903 |
1969 |
German-American |
Critical theory; aesthetics; culture industry |
| Giorgio Agamben |
1942 |
NaN |
Italian |
State of exception; biopolitics |
| Rosi Braidotti |
1954 |
NaN |
Italian |
Posthumanism; feminist philosophy |
| Judith Butler |
1956 |
NaN |
American |
Gender performativity; queer theory |
| Slavoj Žižek |
1949 |
NaN |
Slovenian |
Cultural critiques; ideology critique |
| Richard Rorty |
1931 |
2007 |
American |
Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism |
| Bertrand Russell |
1872 |
1970 |
British |
Analytical philosophy; logic |
| Jacques Derrida |
1930 |
2004 |
French |
Deconstruction; post-structuralism |
| John Deely |
1939 |
NaN |
American |
Semiotics; philosophy of signs |
| Timothy Williamson |
1955 |
NaN |
British |
Knowledge and logic; epistemology |
| Robert Brandom |
1950 |
NaN |
American |
Inference and meaning; scorekeeping |
| David K. Lewis |
1941 |
2001 |
American |
Modal realism; possible worlds |
| Stephen Mulhall |
1968 |
NaN |
British |
Philosophy and literature; hermeneutics |
| Daniel Dennett |
1942 |
NaN |
American |
Philosophy of mind; free will |
| Peter Godfrey-Smith |
1956 |
NaN |
Australian |
Philosophy of biology; consciousness |
| Elizabeth Millán |
1970 |
NaN |
American |
Philosophy of language; logic |
| Simon Blackburn |
1944 |
NaN |
British |
Moral philosophy; expressivism |
| Nancy Cartwright |
1944 |
NaN |
American |
Philosophy of science; scientific models |
| Jesse Prinz |
1966 |
NaN |
American |
Philosophy of mind; aesthetics |
| Tamler Sommers |
1974 |
NaN |
American |
Philosophy of moral responsibility |
| Jürgen Habermas |
1929 |
NaN |
German |
Public sphere; communicative rationality |
| Elizabeth Anscombe |
1910 |
2001 |
British |
Moral philosophy; intention |
| Micro-Macroeconomics |
Year Year |
Year Year |
Country |
Economics; Greater Awareness |
| John Searle |
1932 |
NaN |
American |
Language; consciousness; social reality |
| Martha Nussbaum |
1947 |
NaN |
American |
Capabilities approach; philosophy of emotion |
| Ludwig Feuerbach |
1804 |
1872 |
German |
Materialism; critique of religion |
| David Hartley |
1705 |
1757 |
British |
Associationism; psychology |
| Baruch Spinoza |
1632 |
1677 |
Dutch |
Ethics; rationalism |
| David Hume |
1711 |
1776 |
Scottish |
Empiricism; skepticism |
| Bertrand Russell |
1872 |
1970 |
British |
Analytic philosophy; logic |
| Alfred North Whitehead |
1861 |
1947 |
British-American |
Process philosophy; metaphysics |
| Søren Kierkegaard |
1813 |
1855 |
Danish |
Existentialism; subjectivity |
| Paul Feyerabend |
1924 |
1994 |
Austrian |
Epistemological anarchism; philosophy of science |
| George Herbert Mead |
1863 |
1931 |
American |
Symbolic interactionism; social psychology |
| Wilfrid Sellars |
1912 |
1989 |
American |
Philosophy of language; scientific realism |
| Michael Dummett |
1925 |
2011 |
British |
Philosophy of language; anti-realism |
| Richard Rorty |
1931 |
2007 |
American |
Pragmatism; anti-foundationalism |
| Timothy Williamson |
1955 |
NaN |
British |
Epistemology; knowledge |
| Hilary Putnam |
1926 |
2016 |
American |
Philosophy of mind; realism/anti-realism |
| Marilyn Frye |
1941 |
NaN |
American |
Feminist philosophy; oppression |
| Estelle Disch |
1947 |
NaN |
American |
Feminist theory; political philosophy |
| Kristin A. G. Chalmers |
1946 |
NaN |
American |
Social Philosophy; Gender |
| M. T. L. Chen |
1948 |
NaN |
American |
Moral Philosophy; ethics |
| Luigi Pareyson |
1918 |
1992 |
Italian |
Hermeneutics; aesthetics |
| Henri Bergson |
1859 |
1941 |
French |
Time and consciousness; creative evolution |
| Samuel Alexander |
1859 |
1938 |
Australian |
Aesthetic experience; philosophy of space |
| Alfred Tarski |
1901 |
1983 |
Polish-American |
Semantics; truth |
| Yascha Mounk |
1982 |
NaN |
German-American |
Political Philosophy; Democracy |
| Drucilla Cornell |
1946 |
NaN |
American |
Critical theory; feminist philosophy |
| Michael Sandel |
1953 |
NaN |
American |
Political philosophy; communitarianism |
| M. M. Nussbaum |
1947 |
NaN |
American |
Political philosophy; capabilities approach |
| Walter Benjamin |
1892 |
1940 |
German |
Cultural criticism; aesthetic theory |
| Giorgio Agamben |
1942 |
NaN |
Italian |
Biopolitics; state of exception |
| Alfred North Whitehead |
1861 |
1947 |
British-American |
Process philosophy; metaphysics |
| Simone Weil |
1909 |
1943 |
French |
Philosophy of work; political philosophy |
| Arnold Geulincx |
1625 |
1695 |
Flemish |
Occasionalism; philosophy of mind |
| Max Scheler |
1874 |
1928 |
German |
Phenomenology; value theory |
| Benedict de Spinoza |
1632 |
1677 |
Dutch |
Ethics; rationalism; pantheism |
| Herbert Marcuse |
1898 |
1979 |
German-American |
Radical theory; critical theory |
| Robert Brandom |
1950 |
NaN |
American |
Semantic inferentialism; language |
| Leo Strauss |
1899 |
1973 |
German-American |
Political philosophy; moderation |
| Ludwig Wittgenstein |
1889 |
1951 |
Austrian-British |
Philosophy of language; meaning |
| Jacques Lacan |
1901 |
1981 |
French |
Psychoanalysis; the Real, the Imaginary, the Symbolic |
| Richard M. Rorty |
1931 |
2007 |
American |
The linguistic turn; pragmatism |
| David Papineau |
1947 |
NaN |
British |
Philosophy of science; philosophy of mind |
| Noam Chomsky |
1928 |
NaN |
American |
Linguistics; political philosophy |
| Timothy Williamson |
1955 |
NaN |
British |
Knowledge and epistemology |
| Iris Murdoch |
1919 |
1999 |
British |
Morality; existentialism |
| Martin Buber |
1878 |
1965 |
Austrian-Israeli |
I-Thou relation; dialogue |
| Arthur Schopenhauer |
1788 |
1860 |
German |
Pessimism; will to live |
| Adolf Reinach |
1883 |
1917 |
German |
Phenomenology; social ontology |
| Émile Durkheim |
1858 |
1917 |
French |
Sociology; structural functionalism |
| C. D. Broad |
1887 |
1971 |
British |
Philosophy of mind; metaphysics |
| Alexis de Tocqueville |
1805 |
1859 |
French |
Political philosophy; democracy |
| Paul Ricoeur |
1913 |
2005 |
French |
Hermeneutics; narrative identity |
| Jean-François Lyotard |
1924 |
1998 |
French |
Postmodernism; the sublime |
| Paul Tillich |
1886 |
1965 |
German-American |
Theology; existentialism |
| Josef Breuer |
1842 |
1925 |
Austrian |
Psychoanalysis; psychological research |
| Gilbert Ryle |
1900 |
1976 |
British |
Behaviorism; philosophy of mind |
| George Edward Moore |
1873 |
1958 |
British |
Principia Ethica; common-sense philosophy |
| Oscar Wilde |
1854 |
1900 |
Irish |
Aestheticism; criticism of morality |
| Bertrand Russell |
1872 |
1970 |
British |
Logic; analytical philosophy |
| Henry David Thoreau |
1817 |
1862 |
American |
Transcendentalism; civil disobedience |
| Susan Sontag |
1933 |
2004 |
American |
Cultural criticism; photography |
| Jean-Paul Sartre |
1905 |
1980 |
French |
Existentialism; freedom |
| Rudolf Carnap |
1891 |
1970 |
German/American |
Analytic philosophy; semantics |
| Hannah Arendt |
1906 |
1975 |
German-American |
Political theory; totalitarianism |
| Martin Heidegger |
1889 |
1976 |
German |
Phenomenology; existentialism |
| John Stuart Mill |
1806 |
1873 |
British |
Utilitarianism; social liberty |
| Thomas Nagel |
1937 |
NaN |
American |
Mind and body; subjective experience |
| John Locke |
1632 |
1704 |
English |
Tabula rasa; empiricism |
| David Hume |
1711 |
1776 |
Scottish |
Empiricism; skepticism |
| Immanuel Kant |
1724 |
1804 |
Prussian |
Transcendental philosophy; moral law |
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel |
1770 |
1831 |
German |
Dialectical method; absolute idealism |
| Friedrich Nietzsche |
1844 |
1900 |
German |
Will to power; critique of morality |
| Simone de Beauvoir |
1908 |
1986 |
French |
Feminism; existentialism |
| Søren Kierkegaard |
1813 |
1855 |
Danish |
Existential philosophy; individualism |
| Alfred North Whitehead |
1861 |
1947 |
British |
Process thought; metaphysics |
| Frantz Fanon |
1925 |
1961 |
French-Algerian |
Post-colonial theory; racism |
| Richard Dawkins |
1941 |
NaN |
British |
Biology; memetics; atheism |
| Edward Said |
1935 |
2003 |
Palestinian-American |
Orientalism; post-colonial criticism |
| John Griffiths |
1952 |
NaN |
American |
Biopolitics; political philosophy |
| Judith Butler |
1956 |
NaN |
American |
Gender theory; queer theory |
| Richard Rorty |
1931 |
2007 |
American |
Pragmatism; language games |
| David Lewis |
1941 |
2001 |
Australian |
Possible worlds; modal realism |
| Michel Foucault |
1926 |
1984 |
French |
Discourse; power relations; genealogy |
| Alasdair MacIntyre |
1929 |
NaN |
Scottish |
Virtue ethics; narrative tradition |
| Daniel Dennett |
1942 |
NaN |
American |
Philosophy of mind; consciousness |
| Stephen Pinker |
1954 |
NaN |
Canadian-American |
Cognitive science; psychology |
| Daniel Kahneman |
1934 |
NaN |
Israeli-American |
Behavioral economics; cognitive biases |
| Donald Davidson |
1917 |
2003 |
American |
Interpretation; action theory |
| Peter Singer |
1946 |
NaN |
Australian |
Animal rights; utilitarian ethics |
| Ohm J. R. H. |
1804 |
1978 |
German |
Philosophy of perception; sociological dimensions |
| Robert Nozick |
1938 |
2002 |
American |
Entitlement theory; libertarianism |
| Richard Wright |
1908 |
1960 |
American |
Literature; civil rights |
| Clarence Thomas |
1948 |
NaN |
American |
Legal realism; originalism |
| Amartya Sen |
1933 |
NaN |
Indian |
Development economics; social choice theory |
| Paul Feyerabend |
1924 |
1994 |
Austrian |
Philosophy of science; anarchy |
| Niels Bohr |
1885 |
1962 |
Danish |
Quantum theory; philosophical implications |
| Claude Lévi-Strauss |
1908 |
2009 |
French |
Structural anthropology; myth |
| David Hume |
1711 |
1776 |
Scottish |
Empiricism; naturalism) |
| Charles Sanders Peirce |
1839 |
1914 |
American |
Pragmatism; semiotics |
| J.G. Fichte |
1762 |
1814 |
German |
Transcendental idealism; self-consciousness |
| Gottlob Frege |
1848 |
1925 |
German |
Logic; philosophy of language |
| Isaiah Berlin |
1909 |
1997 |
Russian-British |
Value pluralism; liberty |
| Peter F. Strawson |
1919 |
2006 |
British |
Philosophy of language; metaphysics |
| David Papineau |
1947 |
NaN |
British |
Philosophy of science; philosophical naturalism |
| Nancy Cartwright |
1944 |
NaN |
British |
Philosophy of science; explanation |
| Andrea Bianchi |
1955 |
NaN |
Italian |
Overlapping models; structuralism |
| Thomas Reid |
1710 |
1796 |
Scottish |
Common sense philosophy; epistemology |
| Richard M. Hare |
1919 |
2002 |
British |
Moral philosophy; prescriptivism |
| Hilary Putnam |
1926 |
2016 |
American |
Realism; philosophy of mind |
| Paul Ricœur |
1913 |
2005 |
French |
Narrative theory; hermeneutics |
| W. V. O. Quine |
1908 |
2000 |
American |
Philosophy of language; ontological relativity |
| Lucy Irigaray |
1930 |
NaN |
Belgian |
Feminist philosophy; subjectivity |
| Simon Critchley |
1960 |
NaN |
British |
Ethics; political philosophy |
| Jürgen Habermas |
1929 |
NaN |
German |
Communicative rationality; discourse ethics |
| Richard Rorty |
1931 |
2007 |
American |
Pragmatic philosophy; anti-foundationalism |
| Charles Taylor |
1931 |
NaN |
Canadian |
Philosophy of social science; modernity |
| Thomas Nagel |
1937 |
NaN |
American |
Philosophy of mind; ethical theory |
| Orson Scott Card |
1951 |
NaN |
American |
Theology; literature and philosophy |
| Agnes Heller |
1929 |
NaN |
Hungarian |
Critical theory; ethics |
| Christina Hoff Sommers |
1950 |
NaN |
American |
Feminist philosophy; equity |
| Luc Nuñez |
1965 |
NaN |
European |
Critical theory; psychoanalysis |
| Georg Simmel |
1858 |
1918 |
German |
Sociology; social forms |
| Arthur Schopenhauer |
1788 |
1860 |
German |
Philosophy of pessimism; metaphysics |
| Leo Strauss |
1899 |
1973 |
German-American |
Political philosophy; natural right |
| Jacques Derrida |
1930 |
2004 |
French |
Deconstruction; poststructuralism |
| Friedrich Engels |
1820 |
1895 |
German |
Socialism; dialectical materialism |
| Arthur Danto |
1924 |
2013 |
American |
Philosophy of art; end of art |
| Wolfgang Iser |
1926 |
NaN |
German |
Reader-response theory; literary criticism |
| Seyla Benhabib |
1951 |
NaN |
Turkish-American |
Political philosophy; cosmopolitanism |
| Alain de Botton |
1969 |
NaN |
Swiss-British |
Philosophy and literature; happiness |
| Willy E. P. Rechnitz |
1930 |
2021 |
German |
Philosophy of youth; social justice |
| Timothy Crusius |
1966 |
NaN |
American |
Rhetoric; ethics |
| Susan Haack |
1945 |
NaN |
American |
Pragmatism; epistemology |
| Richard Feynman |
1918 |
1988 |
American |
Physics; philosophy of science |
| Afromusicality |
Year Year |
Year Year |
Country |
Transatlantic slavery; creative art |
| Richard Kearney |
1954 |
NaN |
Irish |
Phenomenology; narrative theory |
| Julia Kristeva |
1941 |
NaN |
Bulgarian-French |
Psychoanalysis; semiotics |
| Mikhail Bakhtin |
1895 |
1975 |
Russian |
Literary theory; dialogism |
| Ruth Amossy |
1944 |
NaN |
French |
Sociology; discourse analysis |
| Robert B. Brandom |
1950 |
NaN |
American |
Inference; meaning; language |
| Russell Kirk |
1918 |
1994 |
American |
Conservatism; tradition |
| Yascha Mounk |
1982 |
NaN |
American |
Political theory; democracy |
| Mark S. K. Smith |
1954 |
NaN |
American |
Environmental philosophy; social justice |
| Mary Midgley |
1919 |
2018 |
British |
Animal ethics; philosophy of science |
| Eric Voegelin |
1901 |
1985 |
German-American |
Political philosopher; Gnosticism |
| Richard Kraut |
1941 |
NaN |
American |
Ancient philosophy; Aristotle |
| Doris Lessing |
1919 |
2013 |
British |
Narrative construction; feminism |
| Viktor Frankl |
1905 |
1997 |
Austrian |
Logotherapy; existentialism |
| Rudiger Safranski |
1945 |
NaN |
German |
Philosophy of life; romanticism |
| Herbert Marcuse |
1898 |
1979 |
German-American |
Revolutionary theory; critical theory |
| Daniel C. Dennett |
1942 |
NaN |
American |
Consciousness; philosophy of mind |
| Thomas Nagel |
1937 |
NaN |
American |
Philosophy of mind; subjective experience |
| Ludwig Wittgenstein |
1889 |
1951 |
Austrian-British |
Language; logic; meaning |
| George Edward Moore |
1873 |
1958 |
British |
Common sense philosophy; ethics |
| Gustav Landauer |
1870 |
1919 |
German |
Anarchism; sociology |
| John Sherlock |
Year Year |
Year Year |
Country |
Philosophy of science; visual principles |
| Alfred Tarski |
1901 |
1983 |
Polish-American |
Semantic theory; truth theories |
| Lucian Goldmann |
1913 |
1970 |
Romanian |
Sociology; literature |
| Jean-Paul Sartre |
1905 |
1980 |
French |
Existentialism; humanism |
| Bitnoruparen |
1945 |
NaN |
Broad-inner |
Epistemic practices; identity |
| Emma Goldman |
1869 |
1940 |
Lithuanian-American |
Anarchism; feminism |
| Wilhelm Dilthey |
1833 |
1911 |
German |
Hermeneutics; life philosophy |
| Nelson Goodman |
1906 |
1998 |
American |
Philosophy of art; constructionism |
| Rudolph Arnheim |
1904 |
2007 |
German-American |
Visual perception; aesthetics |
| Richard John Neuhaus |
1936 |
2009 |
American |
Political theology; public philosophy |
| Tzvetan Todorov |
1939 |
NaN |
Bulgarian-French |
Literary theory; cultural criticism |
| Reinhold Niebuhr |
1892 |
1971 |
American |
Christian realism; political theology |
| Victor Turner |
1920 |
1983 |
British |
Ritual studies; social anthropology |
| Judith Harris |
1948 |
NaN |
American |
Parenting and intelligence; cognitive psychology |
| Simon A. M. Peat |
1940 |
NaN |
British |
Quantum theory; consciousness |
| Charles Taylor |
1931 |
NaN |
Canadian |
Philosophy of language; secularism |
| Chantal Mouffe |
1943 |
NaN |
Belgian |
Political theory; agonistic democracy |
| Peter van Inwagen |
1942 |
NaN |
American |
Metaphysics; philosophy of religion |
| Susan Crean |
Year Year |
Year Year |
Country |
Philosophy of law; sociological aspects |
| C.S. Peirce |
1839 |
1914 |
American |
Pragmatism; logic |
| Alain Badiou |
1937 |
NaN |
French |
Event; truth; ontology |
| David Graeber |
1961 |
2020 |
American |
Anthropology; economics; activism |
| Achille Mbembe |
1957 |
NaN |
Cameroonian |
Postcolonial theory; necropolitics |
| Siegfried Kracauer |
1889 |
1966 |
German |
Film theory; sociology |
| David Hume |
1711 |
1776 |
Scottish |
Skepticism; empiricism |
| Paul Ricoeur |
1913 |
2005 |
French |
Hermeneutics; narrative |
| Jacques Rancière |
1940 |
NaN |
French |
Politics; aesthetics |
| Martha Nussbaum |
1947 |
NaN |
American |
Capabilities approach; social justice |
| Simone de Beauvoir |
1908 |
1986 |
French |
Feminism; existential ethics |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson |
1803 |
1882 |
American |
Transcendentalism; individualism |
| Johann Gottlieb Fichte |
1762 |
1814 |
German |
Transcendental idealism; self |
| William James |
1842 |
1910 |
American |
Pragmatism; psychology |
| Albert Einstein |
1879 |
1955 |
German-American |
Relativity; philosophy of science |
| Ferdinand de Saussure |
1857 |
1913 |
Swiss |
Linguistics; semiology |
| Albert Camus |
1913 |
1960 |
French |
Absurdism; existentialism |
| John Stuart Mill |
1806 |
1873 |
British |
Utilitarianism; liberty |
| Arthur Schopenhauer |
1788 |
1860 |
German |
Pessimism; will to live |
| Francis Bacon |
1561 |
1626 |
English |
Empiricism; scientific method |
| Thomas Hobbes |
1588 |
1679 |
English |
Leviathan; social contract theory |
| Max Weber |
1864 |
1920 |
German |
Sociology; bureaucracy |
| Friedrich Nietzsche |
1844 |
1900 |
German |
Will to power; eternal return |
| Rudolf Carnap |
1891 |
1970 |
Austrian |
Logical positivism; philosophy of language |
| John Locke |
1632 |
1704 |
English |
Empiricism; political philosophy |
| Søren Kierkegaard |
1813 |
1855 |
Danish |
Christian existentialism; subjectivity |
| Virginia Woolf |
1882 |
1941 |
British |
Modernist literature; gender studies |
| Henri Bergson |
1859 |
1941 |
French |
Time and consciousness; intuition |
| David Hume |
1711 |
1776 |
Scottish |
Empiricism; skepticism |
| Jürgen Habermas |
1929 |
NaN |
German |
Public sphere; critical theory |
| Giorgio Agamben |
1942 |
NaN |
Italian |
Biopolitics; state of exception |
| Simone Weil |
1909 |
1943 |
French |
Political philosophy; attention |
| C. D. Broad |
1887 |
1971 |
British |
Philosophy of mind; metaphysics |
| Angela Davis |
1944 |
NaN |
American |
Civil rights; prison abolitionism |
| Roger Scruton |
1944 |
2020 |
British |
Conservatism; aesthetics |
| Richard Rorty |
1931 |
2007 |
American |
Pragmatism; anti-essentialism |
| Satyajit Ray |
1921 |
1992 |
Indian |
Cinema; art theory |
| Walter Benjamin |
1892 |
1940 |
German |
Philosophy of art; aura of art |