- Empire Name: Uruk Region: Mesopotamia Period of Existence: "c. 4500 \u2013 3100 BCE" Notable Contributions: Early urbanization, cuneiform writing Language: Sumerian Significant Rulers: Gilgamesh - Empire Name: Elam Region: Iran Period of Existence: "c. 2700 \u2013 539 BCE" Notable Contributions: Art, architecture, metalworking Language: Elamite Significant Rulers: Untash-Napirisha - Empire Name: Hittite Empire Region: Anatolia Period of Existence: "c. 1600 \u2013 1178 BCE" Notable Contributions: Iron Age technology, treaties Language: Hittite Significant Rulers: Hattusili III - Empire Name: Mitanni Region: Near East Period of Existence: "c. 1500 \u2013 1300 BCE" Notable Contributions: Horse training, chariot technology Language: Hurrian Significant Rulers: Tushratta - Empire Name: Phoenician Empire Region: Mediterranean Period of Existence: "c. 1500 \u2013 300 BCE" Notable Contributions: Alphabet, trade routes Language: Phoenician Significant Rulers: Hiram I - Empire Name: Aksumite Empire Region: Horn of Africa Period of Existence: "c. 100 \u2013 940 CE" Notable Contributions: Trade, monumental obelisks Language: Ge'ez Significant Rulers: Ezana - Empire Name: Parthian Empire Region: Iran Period of Existence: "c. 247 BCE \u2013 224 CE" Notable Contributions: Silk Road trade, arts Language: Middle Persian Significant Rulers: Mithridates I - Empire Name: Seljuk Empire Region: Middle East Period of Existence: "c. 1037 \u2013 1194 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural fusion, architecture Language: Turkic Significant Rulers: Tughril Beg - Empire Name: Khmer Empire Region: Southeast Asia Period of Existence: "c. 802 \u2013 1431 CE" Notable Contributions: Angkor Wat, irrigation systems Language: Khmer Significant Rulers: Jayavarman II - Empire Name: Maratha Empire Region: India Period of Existence: "1674 \u2013 1818 CE" Notable Contributions: Military strategies, administration Language: Marathi Significant Rulers: Shivaji - Empire Name: Khanate of Khiva Region: Central Asia Period of Existence: "1511 \u2013 1920 CE" Notable Contributions: Silk trade, governance Language: Turkic Significant Rulers: Muhammad Rahim Khan II - Empire Name: Tang Dynasty Region: China Period of Existence: "618 \u2013 907 CE" Notable Contributions: Trade expansion, cultural advancements Language: Chinese Significant Rulers: Li Yuan - Empire Name: Natchez Tribe Region: North America Period of Existence: "c. 800 \u2013 1730 CE" Notable Contributions: Mound building, agriculture Language: Natchez Significant Rulers: Great Sun - Empire Name: Saite Dynasty Region: Egypt Period of Existence: "c. 664 \u2013 525 BCE" Notable Contributions: Artistic achievement, trade Language: Ancient Egyptian Significant Rulers: Psamtik I - Empire Name: Mali Empire Region: West Africa Period of Existence: "c. 1235 \u2013 1600 CE" Notable Contributions: Education, wealth, trade Language: Mande Significant Rulers: Mansa Musa - Empire Name: Chola Dynasty Region: India Period of Existence: "c. 300 BCE \u2013 1279 CE" Notable Contributions: Maritime trade, temple architecture Language: Tamil Significant Rulers: Rajaraja Chola I - Empire Name: Qin Dynasty Region: China Period of Existence: "221 \u2013 206 BCE" Notable Contributions: Great Wall, centralized governance Language: Chinese Significant Rulers: Qin Shi Huang - Empire Name: Songhai Empire Region: West Africa Period of Existence: "c. 1430 \u2013 1591 CE" Notable Contributions: Scholarship, trade routes Language: Songhai Significant Rulers: Askia Mohammad I - Empire Name: Tanganyika Region: East Africa Period of Existence: 19th Century Notable Contributions: Cultural exchange, trade networks Language: Swahili Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Kingdom of Axum Region: Horn of Africa Period of Existence: "c. 100 \u2013 940 CE" Notable Contributions: Christianity's spread, coinage Language: Ge'ez Significant Rulers: King Ezana - Empire Name: Ottoman Empire Region: Middle East/Europe Period of Existence: "1299 \u2013 1922 CE" Notable Contributions: Architecture, cultural synthesis Language: Turkish Significant Rulers: Suleiman the Magnificent - Empire Name: Roman Empire Region: Mediterranean Period of Existence: "27 BCE \u2013 476 CE" Notable Contributions: Law, architecture, governance Language: Latin Significant Rulers: Augustus - Empire Name: Byzantine Empire Region: Eastern Mediterranean Period of Existence: "330 \u2013 1453 CE" Notable Contributions: Preservation of Greek/Roman knowledge Language: Greek Significant Rulers: Justinian I - Empire Name: Khazar Khaganate Region: Eurasia Period of Existence: "c. 650 \u2013 965 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural exchange, trade routes Language: Turkic Significant Rulers: Bulanchak - Empire Name: Zhou Dynasty Region: China Period of Existence: "c. 1046 \u2013 256 BCE" Notable Contributions: Philosophy, feudal system Language: Chinese Significant Rulers: Wuwang - Empire Name: Scythian Empire Region: Eurasia Period of Existence: "c. 900 \u2013 200 BCE" Notable Contributions: Nomadic warfare, art Language: Scythian Significant Rulers: Atei - Empire Name: Viking Age Region: Northern Europe Period of Existence: "793 \u2013 1066 CE" Notable Contributions: Exploration, trade, settlement Language: Old Norse Significant Rulers: Harald Hardrada - Empire Name: Campanian Neolithic Region: Italy Period of Existence: "c. 6000 \u2013 2000 BCE" Notable Contributions: Early agriculture, pottery Language: Various Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: West African Kingdom of Ghana Region: West Africa Period of Existence: "c. 300 \u2013 1200 CE" Notable Contributions: Gold trade, cultural influence Language: Soninke Significant Rulers: Basi - Empire Name: Kingdom of Kush Region: Nubia Period of Existence: "c. 1070 BCE \u2013 350 CE" Notable Contributions: Pyramids, iron-working Language: Meroitic Significant Rulers: Piye - Empire Name: Seljuk Empire Region: Middle East Period of Existence: "1037 \u2013 1194 CE" Notable Contributions: Architecture, cultural synthesis Language: Turkish Significant Rulers: Tughril Beg - Empire Name: Kingdom of Silla Region: Korea Period of Existence: "57 BCE \u2013 935 CE" Notable Contributions: Buddhism, art, culture Language: Korean Significant Rulers: Queen Seondeok - Empire Name: Great Zimbabwe Region: Southern Africa Period of Existence: "1100 \u2013 1450 CE" Notable Contributions: Stone construction, trade Language: Shona Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Rashidun Caliphate Region: Middle East Period of Existence: "632 \u2013 661 CE" Notable Contributions: Expansion of Islam, governance Language: Arabic Significant Rulers: Abu Bakr - Empire Name: Han Dynasty Region: China Period of Existence: "206 BCE \u2013 220 CE" Notable Contributions: Silk Road trade, innovations Language: Chinese Significant Rulers: Emperor Wu - Empire Name: Umayyad Caliphate Region: Middle East/Iberia Period of Existence: "661 \u2013 750 CE" Notable Contributions: Expansion of Islam, culture Language: Arabic Significant Rulers: Abdul Malik - Empire Name: Antiochus Dynasty Region: Syria Period of Existence: "c. 300 \u2013 63 BCE" Notable Contributions: Cultural fusion, Hellenization Language: Greek Significant Rulers: Antiochus III - Empire Name: "Chav\xEDn Civilization" Region: Peru Period of Existence: "c. 900 \u2013 200 BCE" Notable Contributions: Multi-regional influence, art Language: "Chav\xEDn" Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Assyrian Empire Region: Mesopotamia Period of Existence: "c. 2500 \u2013 605 BCE" Notable Contributions: Military strategies, administration Language: Akkadian Significant Rulers: Ashurbanipal - Empire Name: Angkor Empire Region: Southeast Asia Period of Existence: "c. 802 \u2013 1431 CE" Notable Contributions: Religious influence, architecture Language: Khmer Significant Rulers: Jayavarman VII - Empire Name: Armada of Spain Region: Europe/Indonesia Period of Existence: 16th Century Notable Contributions: Maritime power, cultural exchange Language: Spanish Significant Rulers: Philip II - Empire Name: Romanov Dynasty Region: Russia Period of Existence: "1613 \u2013 1917 CE" Notable Contributions: Modernization, territorial expansion Language: Russian Significant Rulers: Peter the Great - Empire Name: Alodia Region: Nubia Period of Existence: "c. 500 \u2013 1500 CE" Notable Contributions: Christianity, trade Language: Nubian Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Nabataean Kingdom Region: Arabia Period of Existence: "c. 4th Century BCE \u2013 106 CE" Notable Contributions: Trade, architecture Language: Nabataean Significant Rulers: Aretas IV - Empire Name: Carthaginian Empire Region: North Africa Period of Existence: "c. 814 \u2013 146 BCE" Notable Contributions: Naval power, trade Language: Punic Significant Rulers: Hannibal - Empire Name: Antigonid Kingdom Region: Macedonia Period of Existence: "c. 306 \u2013 168 BCE" Notable Contributions: Hellenistic culture, politics Language: Greek Significant Rulers: Antigonus I - Empire Name: Fatimid Caliphate Region: North Africa/Middle East Period of Existence: "909 \u2013 1171 CE" Notable Contributions: Islamic culture, trade Language: Arabic Significant Rulers: Al-Muizz - Empire Name: Sassanid Empire Region: Iran Period of Existence: "224 \u2013 651 CE" Notable Contributions: Zoroastrianism, arts, architecture Language: Middle Persian Significant Rulers: Khosrow I - Empire Name: Norse Greenland Region: Greenland Period of Existence: "c. 986 \u2013 1450 CE" Notable Contributions: Exploration, settlement Language: Old Norse Significant Rulers: Erik the Red - Empire Name: Cinque Ports Confederation Region: England Period of Existence: "c. 1155\u201316th Century" Notable Contributions: Maritime trade, defense Language: English Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Scandinavian Union Region: Scandinavia Period of Existence: "1397 \u2013 1523 CE" Notable Contributions: Political union, trade Language: Danish Significant Rulers: Margaret I - Empire Name: Inca Empire Region: South America Period of Existence: "c. 1438 \u2013 1533 CE" Notable Contributions: Agricultural innovation, road systems Language: Quechua Significant Rulers: Pachacuti - Empire Name: Frankish Kingdom Region: Western Europe Period of Existence: "c. 481 \u2013 843 CE" Notable Contributions: Feudalism, Carolingian Renaissance Language: Frankish Significant Rulers: Charlemagne - Empire Name: Xiongnu Empire Region: Central Asia Period of Existence: "c. 300 BCE \u2013 200 CE" Notable Contributions: Nomadic confederation, warfare Language: Xiongnu Significant Rulers: Mongke Chanyu - Empire Name: Jin Dynasty Region: China Period of Existence: "1115 \u2013 1234 CE" Notable Contributions: Culture, military techniques Language: Jurchen Significant Rulers: Wanyan Aguda - Empire Name: Malacca Sultanate Region: Southeast Asia Period of Existence: "c. 1400 \u2013 1511 CE" Notable Contributions: Trading hub, cultural exchange Language: Malay Significant Rulers: Parameswara - Empire Name: Kingdom of Bunyoro Region: Uganda Period of Existence: "c. 14th Century \u2013 Present" Notable Contributions: Agriculture, cultural heritage Language: Runyoro Significant Rulers: Omukama Nuhakama - Empire Name: Polynesian Kingdoms Region: Pacific Islands Period of Existence: "c. 1000 \u2013 1850 CE" Notable Contributions: Navigation, cultural practices Language: Various Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Roman Britain Region: Britain Period of Existence: "43 \u2013 410 CE" Notable Contributions: Roads, architecture, law Language: Latin Significant Rulers: Hadrian - Empire Name: Kingdom of Ptolemaic Egypt Region: Egypt Period of Existence: "305 \u2013 30 BCE" Notable Contributions: Hellenistic culture, science Language: Greek Significant Rulers: Cleopatra VII - Empire Name: Norse Culture Region: Scandinavia Period of Existence: "c. 800 \u2013 1100 CE" Notable Contributions: Exploration, poetry, sagas Language: Norse Significant Rulers: Leif Erikson - Empire Name: Spanish Empire Region: Worldwide Period of Existence: "1492 \u2013 1898 CE" Notable Contributions: Colonization, trade networks Language: Spanish Significant Rulers: Philip II - Empire Name: Portuguese Empire Region: Worldwide Period of Existence: "1415 \u2013 1999 CE" Notable Contributions: Maritime exploration, trade Language: Portuguese Significant Rulers: Henry the Navigator - Empire Name: Chola Empire Region: India/Southeast Asia Period of Existence: "c. 300 BCE \u2013 1279 CE" Notable Contributions: Art, temple architecture Language: Tamil Significant Rulers: Rajaraja Chola I - Empire Name: Nouadhibou Confederacy Region: Mauritania Period of Existence: Pre-colonial Era Notable Contributions: Trade, governance Language: Arabic Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Kingdom of Novgorod Region: Russia Period of Existence: Early Middle Ages Notable Contributions: Trade, governance Language: Old Russian Significant Rulers: Gustaf Arvidsson - Empire Name: Nan Madol Region: Micronesia Period of Existence: "c. 1100 \u2013 1600 CE" Notable Contributions: Stone construction, political center Language: Pohnpeian Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Vandals Region: North Africa Period of Existence: "c. 430 \u2013 534 CE" Notable Contributions: Naval power, cultural influence Language: Vandalic Significant Rulers: Genseric - Empire Name: Seljuk Turks Region: Middle East Period of Existence: "c. 1037 \u2013 1194 CE" Notable Contributions: Islamic culture, warfare Language: Turkic Significant Rulers: Tughril Beg - Empire Name: Kingdom of Zimbabwe Region: Southern Africa Period of Existence: "c. 1100 \u2013 1450 CE" Notable Contributions: Trade, architecture Language: Shona Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Khmt (Kemet) Region: Egypt Period of Existence: "c. 3100 \u2013 332 BCE" Notable Contributions: Writing, monumental architecture Language: Egyptian Significant Rulers: Pharaoh Narmer - Empire Name: Albanian Kingdom Region: Balkans Period of Existence: "c. 12th Century \u2013 1431 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural heritage, military strategies Language: Albanian Significant Rulers: Skanderbeg - Empire Name: Malwa Sultanate Region: India Period of Existence: "c. 1400\u20131531 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural synthesis, trade Language: Hindi Significant Rulers: Mahmud Khilji - Empire Name: Augustan Rome Region: Italy Period of Existence: "27 BCE \u2013 14 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural advancements, legal reforms Language: Latin Significant Rulers: Augustus - Empire Name: Burgundian State Region: France Period of Existence: "c. 407 \u2013 1477 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural fusion, economy Language: Latin Significant Rulers: Charles the Bold - Empire Name: Sardinian Kingdom Region: Sardinia Period of Existence: Early Medieval Notable Contributions: Cultural heritage, governance Language: Sardinian Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Talaiotic Culture Region: Balearic Islands Period of Existence: Prehistoric Notable Contributions: Megalithic construction, agriculture Language: Talaiotic Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Iberian Kingdoms Region: Iberian Peninsula Period of Existence: "c. 500 \u2013 1492 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural exchange, trade Language: Latin/Castilian Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Chimu Empire Region: Peru Period of Existence: "c. 900 \u2013 1470 CE" Notable Contributions: Agriculture, metalworking Language: Chimu Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Lady of Elche Region: Spain Period of Existence: "c. 4th Century BCE \u2013 1st Century CE" Notable Contributions: Art, culture Language: Iberian Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Al Ruha Region: Jordan Period of Existence: "c. 200 CE \u2013 700 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural fusion, trade Language: Arabic Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Savoyard State Region: Italy Period of Existence: "c. 200 \u2013 1860 CE" Notable Contributions: Trade, politics Language: Italian/French Significant Rulers: Emmanuel Philibert - Empire Name: Kingdom of Sogdiana Region: Central Asia Period of Existence: "c. 600 BCE \u2013 1000 CE" Notable Contributions: Silk Road trade, cultural exchange Language: Sogdian Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Kingdom of Mallorca Region: Mallorca Period of Existence: "c. 1229 \u2013 1349 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural synthesis, trade Language: Catalan Significant Rulers: Jaume I - Empire Name: Republic of Venice Region: Italy Period of Existence: "c. 697 \u2013 1797 CE" Notable Contributions: Maritime power, commerce Language: Italian Significant Rulers: Venice Doge - Empire Name: Maratha Empire Region: India Period of Existence: "1674 \u2013 1818 CE" Notable Contributions: Regional autonomy, military tactics Language: Marathi Significant Rulers: Shivaji - Empire Name: Kingdom of Navarra Region: Spain Period of Existence: "c. 900 \u2013 1512 CE" Notable Contributions: Political alliance, trade Language: Navarrese Significant Rulers: Sancho VI - Empire Name: Khazaria Region: Eurasia Period of Existence: "c. 650 \u2013 965 CE" Notable Contributions: Trade, cultural exchange Language: Turkic/Hebrew Significant Rulers: Bolu - Empire Name: Catawba Nation Region: North America Period of Existence: "c. 1650 \u2013 1759 CE" Notable Contributions: Agriculture, local governance Language: Catawba Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Sogdian City-States Region: Central Asia Period of Existence: "c. 700 BCE \u2013 1000 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural exchange, trade Language: Sogdian Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Teutonic Order Region: Eastern Europe Period of Existence: "1190 \u2013 1561 CE" Notable Contributions: Crusades, trade Language: German Significant Rulers: Hermann von Salza - Empire Name: Kingdom of Flanders Region: Belgium Period of Existence: "c. 862 \u2013 1795 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural impact, economy Language: Flemish Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Nanzhao Kingdom Region: China Period of Existence: "c. 748 \u2013 902 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural syncretism, trade Language: Bai Significant Rulers: Dali King - Empire Name: Trigavel Kingdom Region: Spain Period of Existence: c. 8th Century onwards Notable Contributions: Cultural achievements, defense Language: Asturleonese Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Kingdom of Serbia Region: Balkans Period of Existence: "c. 1196 \u2013 1371 CE" Notable Contributions: Military conflicts, culture Language: Serbian Significant Rulers: "Stefan Du\u0161an" - Empire Name: Chakra Monarchy Region: India Period of Existence: "c. 1350 \u2013 1614 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural contributions Language: Hindi Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Jinshan United States Region: China Period of Existence: "c. 1st Century BCE \u2013 2nd Century CE" Notable Contributions: Economic development, trade Language: Chinese Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Chandela Dynasty Region: India Period of Existence: "c. 9th \u2013 12th Century CE" Notable Contributions: Architecture, literature Language: Hindi Significant Rulers: Khajuraho - Empire Name: Swahili City-States Region: East Africa Period of Existence: "c. 1000 CE \u2013 1500 CE" Notable Contributions: Maritime trade, culture Language: Swahili Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Silla Kingdom Region: Korea Period of Existence: "c. 57 BCE \u2013 935 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural advancements, Buddhism Language: Korean Significant Rulers: Heo Hwang-ok - Empire Name: "Mj\xF6lnir Kingdom" Region: Scandinavia Period of Existence: .nan Notable Contributions: Cultural legacy, arts Language: Norse Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Akhadian Empire Region: Mesopotamia Period of Existence: "c. 2334 \u2013 2154 BCE" Notable Contributions: First empire, administration Language: Akkadian Significant Rulers: Sargon of Akkad - Empire Name: Medieval Sicily Region: Italy Period of Existence: "c. 831 \u2013 1194 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural exchange, trade Language: Arabic/Sicilian Significant Rulers: Roger II - Empire Name: Mitanni Kingdom Region: Near East Period of Existence: "c. 1500 \u2013 1300 BCE" Notable Contributions: Horses, chariotry Language: Hurrian Significant Rulers: Tushratta - Empire Name: House of Saxe-Coburg Region: Germany Period of Existence: "c. 1830 \u2013 1918 CE" Notable Contributions: Royal dynasties, European politics Language: German Significant Rulers: Albert - Empire Name: East India Company Region: India Period of Existence: "1600 \u2013 1874 CE" Notable Contributions: Colonial trade, governance Language: English Significant Rulers: Warren Hastings - Empire Name: Khmer Empire Region: Southeast Asia Period of Existence: "802 \u2013 1431 CE" Notable Contributions: Angkor Wat, irrigation Language: Khmer Significant Rulers: Jayavarman II - Empire Name: Okhrid Region: Macedonia Period of Existence: "c. 4th Century BCE \u2013 Early Middle Ages" Notable Contributions: Cultural center, administration Language: Greek/Slavic Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Sultanal Arakan Region: Myanmar Period of Existence: "c. 1430 \u2013 1784 CE" Notable Contributions: Maritime power, trade Language: Burmese Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Ipeq Region: Bulgaria Period of Existence: "c. 861 \u2013 1018 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural foundation, education Language: Bulgarian Significant Rulers: Boris I - Empire Name: Kingdom of Achaemenid Persians Region: Persia Period of Existence: "c. 550 \u2013 330 BCE" Notable Contributions: Administration, roads Language: Persian Significant Rulers: Cyrus the Great - Empire Name: Orang Asli Tribes Region: Malaysia Period of Existence: "c. 300 BCE \u2013 present" Notable Contributions: Indigenous culture, crafts Language: Malay Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Odisha Empire Region: India Period of Existence: "c. 800 \u2013 1400 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural synthesis, architecture Language: Odia Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Janic Kingdom Region: North Africa Period of Existence: "c. 1st Century \u2013 3rd Century CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural exchange, trade Language: Latin Significant Rulers: Merovech - Empire Name: Diadochi Kingdoms Region: Greece Period of Existence: "323 \u2013 30 BCE" Notable Contributions: Secondary Monarchies, Hellenistic culture Language: Greek Significant Rulers: Antigonids - Empire Name: Nabateans Region: Arabia Period of Existence: "c. 4th Century BCE \u2013 106 CE" Notable Contributions: Trade, architecture Language: Nabataean Significant Rulers: Aretas IV - Empire Name: Kingdom of Wessex Region: England Period of Existence: "c. 519 \u2013 927 CE" Notable Contributions: Anglo-Saxon culture, unification Language: Old English Significant Rulers: Alfred the Great - Empire Name: Chymar Empire Region: Central Asia Period of Existence: "c. 200 BCE \u2013 100 CE" Notable Contributions: Urban centers, trade Language: Chymar Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Fu Manchu Region: Asia Period of Existence: "c. 1900 \u2013 1970 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural figures Language: Various Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Albania Kingdom Region: Albania Period of Existence: "c. 1190\u20131479 CE" Notable Contributions: Culture, arts Language: Albanian Significant Rulers: Ismail Qemali - Empire Name: Bosporan Kingdom Region: Taurica Period of Existence: "c. 480 BCE \u2013 370 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural integration, trade routes Language: Sarmatian Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Iberian Peninsula Cultures Region: Spain/Portugal Period of Existence: "c. 3000 BCE \u2013 c. 1000 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural heritage, art Language: Iberian Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Vatican States Region: Italy Period of Existence: "c. 754 AD \u2013 present" Notable Contributions: Religious influence, architecture Language: Latin Significant Rulers: Pope Leo XIII - Empire Name: Tribal Confederation of Gallia Region: France Period of Existence: "c. 400 \u2013 100 CE" Notable Contributions: Political structures, culture Language: Gallic Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Timurid Empire Region: Central Asia Period of Existence: 1370 - 1507 CE Notable Contributions: Cultural revival, architecture Language: Persian Significant Rulers: Timur - Empire Name: Taliban United States Region: Afghanistan Period of Existence: "1996 \u2013 2001, 2021 \u2013 Present" Notable Contributions: Cultural influence, politics Language: Pashto/Dari Significant Rulers: Mullah Omar - Empire Name: Almacigue Region: South America Period of Existence: "15th Century \u2013 19th Century" Notable Contributions: Cultural practices, ecology Language: Various Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Mitla Region: Mexico Period of Existence: "c. 950 \u2013 1521 CE" Notable Contributions: Architectural heritage, art Language: Zapotec Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Burgher Union Region: India Period of Existence: "1525 \u2013 1600 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural exchange, trade Language: Gujarati Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms Region: England Period of Existence: "410 \u2013 1066 CE" Notable Contributions: Historical legacies, culture Language: Old English Significant Rulers: Bede - Empire Name: Namibia Confederation Region: Africa Period of Existence: "c. 1950 \u2013 Present" Notable Contributions: Cultural practices, autochthonous rights Language: Various Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Algiers Region: North Africa Period of Existence: "c. 1516 \u2013 1830 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural exchange, piracy Language: Arabic Significant Rulers: Baba Ali - Empire Name: Galician Kingdom Region: Spain Period of Existence: "c. 800 \u2013 1230 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural achievements Language: Galician Significant Rulers: "Ram\xF3n Men\xE9ndez Pidal" - Empire Name: Bazantyn Region: Ukraine Period of Existence: "c. 9th Century \u2013 1480 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural interactions, agriculture Language: Rus/Ruthenian Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Carthaginian Republic Region: North Africa Period of Existence: "c. 814 \u2013 146 BCE" Notable Contributions: Naval dominance, trade Language: Punic Significant Rulers: Hannibal - Empire Name: Swahili Empires Region: East Africa Period of Existence: "c. 1000 \u2013 1500 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural interactions, trade Language: Swahili Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Tuscan,"Italy Region: "c. 1100 \u2013 15th Century" Period of Existence: 'Architectural innovations, agriculture ' Notable Contributions: Tuscany Language: .nan Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Cascadia Region: North America Period of Existence: "c. 16th \u2013 20th Century" Notable Contributions: Cultural heritage, civilizational developments Language: Cascadian Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Norwegian Akershus Region: Scandinavia Period of Existence: "c. 1300 \u2013 1800" Notable Contributions: Military history, trade Language: Norwegian Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: 'Zhou Dynasty ' Region: "c. 1046 \u2013 256 BCE" Period of Existence: Philosophical developments, governance Notable Contributions: Chinese Language: Wuwang Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Navarre Kingdom Region: Spain Period of Existence: "c. 905 \u2013 1512 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural synthesis, defense Language: Basque Significant Rulers: Sancho II - Empire Name: Tucson Rodeo Region: Arizona Period of Existence: "1820 \u2013 present" Notable Contributions: Cultural activities, agriculture Language: English (Spanish region) Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Kalmar Union Region: ' "Scandinavia"' Period of Existence: "1397 \u2013 1523 CE" Notable Contributions: Unification of Scandinavian kingdoms Language: Danish Significant Rulers: Margaret I - Empire Name: Selkuja Region: Middle East Period of Existence: "1037 \u2013 1194 CE" Notable Contributions: Architectural achievements, cultural fusion Language: Persian Significant Rulers: Tughril Beg - Empire Name: Khalsa Region: India Period of Existence: "1699 \u2013 present" Notable Contributions: Sikh identity, spirituality Language: Punjabi Significant Rulers: Gobind Singh - Empire Name: Caledonia Region: Scotland Period of Existence: c. 1st Century AD - 5th Century CE Notable Contributions: Celtic heritage, resistance Language: Gaelic Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: Sasanian Empire Region: Iran Period of Existence: "224 \u2013 651 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural developments, governance Language: Middle Persian Significant Rulers: Khosrow II - Empire Name: Ali Pasha Epirus Region: Greece Period of Existence: "c. 1744 \u2013 1822 CE" Notable Contributions: Ottoman administration, rebellion Language: Albanian Significant Rulers: Ali Pasha - Empire Name: Bysanz Region: Eastern Mediterranean Period of Existence: "c. 330 \u2013 1453 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural fusion, governance Language: Greek Significant Rulers: Justinian I - Empire Name: Zulu Empire Region: South Africa Period of Existence: "c. 1816 \u2013 1897 CE" Notable Contributions: Military organization, culture Language: Zulu Significant Rulers: Shaka Zulu - Empire Name: Macromeric Empire Region: Central Asia Period of Existence: "c. 2600 \u2013 2000 BCE" Notable Contributions: Cultural advancements Language: Macromeric Significant Rulers: .nan - Empire Name: "Kingdom of U\xED N\xE9ill" Region: Ireland Period of Existence: "c. 400 \u2013 1167 CE" Notable Contributions: Celtic governance, Ireland Language: Irish Significant Rulers: Niall of the Nine Hostages - Empire Name: Scythian Region: Eurasia Period of Existence: "c. 900 \u2013 200 BCE" Notable Contributions: Military strategies, trade routes Language: Scythian Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Venetian Republic Region: Venice Period of Existence: "421 \u2013 1797 CE" Notable Contributions: Naval power, trade Language: Italian Significant Rulers: Enrico Dandolo - Empire Name: Haida Nation Region: North America Period of Existence: "c. 1500 \u2013 Present" Notable Contributions: Cultural heritage, craftsmanship Language: Haida Significant Rulers: Chiefs and leaders - Empire Name: Burgundian State Region: France Period of Existence: "c. 407 \u2013 1477 CE" Notable Contributions: Finesse in trade, arts Language: French Significant Rulers: Duke Philip the Good - Empire Name: Hausa Kingdoms Region: West Africa Period of Existence: "c. 1000 \u2013 1800 CE" Notable Contributions: Trade networks, governance Language: Hausa Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Anjou Kingdom Region: France/England Period of Existence: "c. 931 \u2013 1485 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural exchanges, politics Language: Old French Significant Rulers: Henry II - Empire Name: Chola Dynasty Region: India Period of Existence: "c. 300 BCE \u2013 1279 CE" Notable Contributions: Art, literature, architecture Language: Tamil Significant Rulers: Rajendra Chola I - Empire Name: Great Moravia Region: Czech Republic/Slovakia Period of Existence: "c. 833 \u2013 907 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural influence, governance Language: Slavic Significant Rulers: Svatopluk I - Empire Name: Empire of Nicaea Region: Byzantine Greece Period of Existence: "1204 \u2013 1261 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural renaissance, resistance Language: Greek Significant Rulers: Theodore II - Empire Name: Chakra Empire Region: Subcontinent Period of Existence: "c. 13th Century \u2013 17th Century" Notable Contributions: Astronomy, mathematics Language: Hindi Significant Rulers: Various - Empire Name: Achyutharaya Empire Region: India Period of Existence: "c. 1530 \u2013 1646 CE" Notable Contributions: Architecture, cultural synthesis Language: Kannada Significant Rulers: Achyutharaya - Empire Name: Aztec Empire Region: Mesoamerica Period of Existence: "1428 \u2013 1521 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural and agricultural advancements Language: Nahuatl Significant Rulers: Moctezuma II - Empire Name: Shaiva Kingdoms Region: South Asia Period of Existence: "c. 600 \u2013 1200 CE" Notable Contributions: Cultural precursors Language: Tamil Significant Rulers: Various