| | Empire Name | Region | Period of Existence | Notable Contributions | Language | Significant Rulers | |----:|:-------------------------------|:-------------------------|:---------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------|:-------------------------|:---------------------------| | 0 | Uruk | Mesopotamia | c. 4500 – 3100 BCE | Early urbanization, cuneiform writing | Sumerian | Gilgamesh | | 1 | Elam | Iran | c. 2700 – 539 BCE | Art, architecture, metalworking | Elamite | Untash-Napirisha | | 2 | Hittite Empire | Anatolia | c. 1600 – 1178 BCE | Iron Age technology, treaties | Hittite | Hattusili III | | 3 | Mitanni | Near East | c. 1500 – 1300 BCE | Horse training, chariot technology | Hurrian | Tushratta | | 4 | Phoenician Empire | Mediterranean | c. 1500 – 300 BCE | Alphabet, trade routes | Phoenician | Hiram I | | 5 | Aksumite Empire | Horn of Africa | c. 100 – 940 CE | Trade, monumental obelisks | Ge'ez | Ezana | | 6 | Parthian Empire | Iran | c. 247 BCE – 224 CE | Silk Road trade, arts | Middle Persian | Mithridates I | | 7 | Seljuk Empire | Middle East | c. 1037 – 1194 CE | Cultural fusion, architecture | Turkic | Tughril Beg | | 8 | Khmer Empire | Southeast Asia | c. 802 – 1431 CE | Angkor Wat, irrigation systems | Khmer | Jayavarman II | | 9 | Maratha Empire | India | 1674 – 1818 CE | Military strategies, administration | Marathi | Shivaji | | 10 | Khanate of Khiva | Central Asia | 1511 – 1920 CE | Silk trade, governance | Turkic | Muhammad Rahim Khan II | | 11 | Tang Dynasty | China | 618 – 907 CE | Trade expansion, cultural advancements | Chinese | Li Yuan | | 12 | Natchez Tribe | North America | c. 800 – 1730 CE | Mound building, agriculture | Natchez | Great Sun | | 13 | Saite Dynasty | Egypt | c. 664 – 525 BCE | Artistic achievement, trade | Ancient Egyptian | Psamtik I | | 14 | Mali Empire | West Africa | c. 1235 – 1600 CE | Education, wealth, trade | Mande | Mansa Musa | | 15 | Chola Dynasty | India | c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE | Maritime trade, temple architecture | Tamil | Rajaraja Chola I | | 16 | Qin Dynasty | China | 221 – 206 BCE | Great Wall, centralized governance | Chinese | Qin Shi Huang | | 17 | Songhai Empire | West Africa | c. 1430 – 1591 CE | Scholarship, trade routes | Songhai | Askia Mohammad I | | 18 | Tanganyika | East Africa | 19th Century | Cultural exchange, trade networks | Swahili | Various | | 19 | Kingdom of Axum | Horn of Africa | c. 100 – 940 CE | Christianity's spread, coinage | Ge'ez | King Ezana | | 20 | Ottoman Empire | Middle East/Europe | 1299 – 1922 CE | Architecture, cultural synthesis | Turkish | Suleiman the Magnificent | | 21 | Roman Empire | Mediterranean | 27 BCE – 476 CE | Law, architecture, governance | Latin | Augustus | | 22 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern Mediterranean | 330 – 1453 CE | Preservation of Greek/Roman knowledge | Greek | Justinian I | | 23 | Khazar Khaganate | Eurasia | c. 650 – 965 CE | Cultural exchange, trade routes | Turkic | Bulanchak | | 24 | Zhou Dynasty | China | c. 1046 – 256 BCE | Philosophy, feudal system | Chinese | Wuwang | | 25 | Scythian Empire | Eurasia | c. 900 – 200 BCE | Nomadic warfare, art | Scythian | Atei | | 26 | Viking Age | Northern Europe | 793 – 1066 CE | Exploration, trade, settlement | Old Norse | Harald Hardrada | | 27 | Campanian Neolithic | Italy | c. 6000 – 2000 BCE | Early agriculture, pottery | Various | nan | | 28 | West African Kingdom of Ghana | West Africa | c. 300 – 1200 CE | Gold trade, cultural influence | Soninke | Basi | | 29 | Kingdom of Kush | Nubia | c. 1070 BCE – 350 CE | Pyramids, iron-working | Meroitic | Piye | | 30 | Seljuk Empire | Middle East | 1037 – 1194 CE | Architecture, cultural synthesis | Turkish | Tughril Beg | | 31 | Kingdom of Silla | Korea | 57 BCE – 935 CE | Buddhism, art, culture | Korean | Queen Seondeok | | 32 | Great Zimbabwe | Southern Africa | 1100 – 1450 CE | Stone construction, trade | Shona | nan | | 33 | Rashidun Caliphate | Middle East | 632 – 661 CE | Expansion of Islam, governance | Arabic | Abu Bakr | | 34 | Han Dynasty | China | 206 BCE – 220 CE | Silk Road trade, innovations | Chinese | Emperor Wu | | 35 | Umayyad Caliphate | Middle East/Iberia | 661 – 750 CE | Expansion of Islam, culture | Arabic | Abdul Malik | | 36 | Antiochus Dynasty | Syria | c. 300 – 63 BCE | Cultural fusion, Hellenization | Greek | Antiochus III | | 37 | Chavín Civilization | Peru | c. 900 – 200 BCE | Multi-regional influence, art | Chavín | nan | | 38 | Assyrian Empire | Mesopotamia | c. 2500 – 605 BCE | Military strategies, administration | Akkadian | Ashurbanipal | | 39 | Angkor Empire | Southeast Asia | c. 802 – 1431 CE | Religious influence, architecture | Khmer | Jayavarman VII | | 40 | Armada of Spain | Europe/Indonesia | 16th Century | Maritime power, cultural exchange | Spanish | Philip II | | 41 | Romanov Dynasty | Russia | 1613 – 1917 CE | Modernization, territorial expansion | Russian | Peter the Great | | 42 | Alodia | Nubia | c. 500 – 1500 CE | Christianity, trade | Nubian | Various | | 43 | Nabataean Kingdom | Arabia | c. 4th Century BCE – 106 CE | Trade, architecture | Nabataean | Aretas IV | | 44 | Carthaginian Empire | North Africa | c. 814 – 146 BCE | Naval power, trade | Punic | Hannibal | | 45 | Antigonid Kingdom | Macedonia | c. 306 – 168 BCE | Hellenistic culture, politics | Greek | Antigonus I | | 46 | Fatimid Caliphate | North Africa/Middle East | 909 – 1171 CE | Islamic culture, trade | Arabic | Al-Muizz | | 47 | Sassanid Empire | Iran | 224 – 651 CE | Zoroastrianism, arts, architecture | Middle Persian | Khosrow I | | 48 | Norse Greenland | Greenland | c. 986 – 1450 CE | Exploration, settlement | Old Norse | Erik the Red | | 49 | Cinque Ports Confederation | England | c. 1155–16th Century | Maritime trade, defense | English | Various | | 50 | Scandinavian Union | Scandinavia | 1397 – 1523 CE | Political union, trade | Danish | Margaret I | | 51 | Inca Empire | South America | c. 1438 – 1533 CE | Agricultural innovation, road systems | Quechua | Pachacuti | | 52 | Frankish Kingdom | Western Europe | c. 481 – 843 CE | Feudalism, Carolingian Renaissance | Frankish | Charlemagne | | 53 | Xiongnu Empire | Central Asia | c. 300 BCE – 200 CE | Nomadic confederation, warfare | Xiongnu | Mongke Chanyu | | 54 | Jin Dynasty | China | 1115 – 1234 CE | Culture, military techniques | Jurchen | Wanyan Aguda | | 55 | Malacca Sultanate | Southeast Asia | c. 1400 – 1511 CE | Trading hub, cultural exchange | Malay | Parameswara | | 56 | Kingdom of Bunyoro | Uganda | c. 14th Century – Present | Agriculture, cultural heritage | Runyoro | Omukama Nuhakama | | 57 | Polynesian Kingdoms | Pacific Islands | c. 1000 – 1850 CE | Navigation, cultural practices | Various | nan | | 58 | Roman Britain | Britain | 43 – 410 CE | Roads, architecture, law | Latin | Hadrian | | 59 | Kingdom of Ptolemaic Egypt | Egypt | 305 – 30 BCE | Hellenistic culture, science | Greek | Cleopatra VII | | 60 | Norse Culture | Scandinavia | c. 800 – 1100 CE | Exploration, poetry, sagas | Norse | Leif Erikson | | 61 | Spanish Empire | Worldwide | 1492 – 1898 CE | Colonization, trade networks | Spanish | Philip II | | 62 | Portuguese Empire | Worldwide | 1415 – 1999 CE | Maritime exploration, trade | Portuguese | Henry the Navigator | | 63 | Chola Empire | India/Southeast Asia | c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE | Art, temple architecture | Tamil | Rajaraja Chola I | | 64 | Nouadhibou Confederacy | Mauritania | Pre-colonial Era | Trade, governance | Arabic | nan | | 65 | Kingdom of Novgorod | Russia | Early Middle Ages | Trade, governance | Old Russian | Gustaf Arvidsson | | 66 | Nan Madol | Micronesia | c. 1100 – 1600 CE | Stone construction, political center | Pohnpeian | nan | | 67 | Vandals | North Africa | c. 430 – 534 CE | Naval power, cultural influence | Vandalic | Genseric | | 68 | Seljuk Turks | Middle East | c. 1037 – 1194 CE | Islamic culture, warfare | Turkic | Tughril Beg | | 69 | Kingdom of Zimbabwe | Southern Africa | c. 1100 – 1450 CE | Trade, architecture | Shona | nan | | 70 | Khmt (Kemet) | Egypt | c. 3100 – 332 BCE | Writing, monumental architecture | Egyptian | Pharaoh Narmer | | 71 | Albanian Kingdom | Balkans | c. 12th Century – 1431 CE | Cultural heritage, military strategies | Albanian | Skanderbeg | | 72 | Malwa Sultanate | India | c. 1400–1531 CE | Cultural synthesis, trade | Hindi | Mahmud Khilji | | 73 | Augustan Rome | Italy | 27 BCE – 14 CE | Cultural advancements, legal reforms | Latin | Augustus | | 74 | Burgundian State | France | c. 407 – 1477 CE | Cultural fusion, economy | Latin | Charles the Bold | | 75 | Sardinian Kingdom | Sardinia | Early Medieval | Cultural heritage, governance | Sardinian | Various | | 76 | Talaiotic Culture | Balearic Islands | Prehistoric | Megalithic construction, agriculture | Talaiotic | nan | | 77 | Iberian Kingdoms | Iberian Peninsula | c. 500 – 1492 CE | Cultural exchange, trade | Latin/Castilian | Various | | 78 | Chimu Empire | Peru | c. 900 – 1470 CE | Agriculture, metalworking | Chimu | nan | | 79 | Lady of Elche | Spain | c. 4th Century BCE – 1st Century CE | Art, culture | Iberian | nan | | 80 | Al Ruha | Jordan | c. 200 CE – 700 CE | Cultural fusion, trade | Arabic | nan | | 81 | Savoyard State | Italy | c. 200 – 1860 CE | Trade, politics | Italian/French | Emmanuel Philibert | | 82 | Kingdom of Sogdiana | Central Asia | c. 600 BCE – 1000 CE | Silk Road trade, cultural exchange | Sogdian | nan | | 83 | Kingdom of Mallorca | Mallorca | c. 1229 – 1349 CE | Cultural synthesis, trade | Catalan | Jaume I | | 84 | Republic of Venice | Italy | c. 697 – 1797 CE | Maritime power, commerce | Italian | Venice Doge | | 85 | Maratha Empire | India | 1674 – 1818 CE | Regional autonomy, military tactics | Marathi | Shivaji | | 86 | Kingdom of Navarra | Spain | c. 900 – 1512 CE | Political alliance, trade | Navarrese | Sancho VI | | 87 | Khazaria | Eurasia | c. 650 – 965 CE | Trade, cultural exchange | Turkic/Hebrew | Bolu | | 88 | Catawba Nation | North America | c. 1650 – 1759 CE | Agriculture, local governance | Catawba | Various | | 89 | Sogdian City-States | Central Asia | c. 700 BCE – 1000 CE | Cultural exchange, trade | Sogdian | nan | | 90 | Teutonic Order | Eastern Europe | 1190 – 1561 CE | Crusades, trade | German | Hermann von Salza | | 91 | Kingdom of Flanders | Belgium | c. 862 – 1795 CE | Cultural impact, economy | Flemish | Various | | 92 | Nanzhao Kingdom | China | c. 748 – 902 CE | Cultural syncretism, trade | Bai | Dali King | | 93 | Trigavel Kingdom | Spain | c. 8th Century onwards | Cultural achievements, defense | Asturleonese | nan | | 94 | Kingdom of Serbia | Balkans | c. 1196 – 1371 CE | Military conflicts, culture | Serbian | Stefan Dušan | | 95 | Chakra Monarchy | India | c. 1350 – 1614 CE | Cultural contributions | Hindi | nan | | 96 | Jinshan United States | China | c. 1st Century BCE – 2nd Century CE | Economic development, trade | Chinese | nan | | 97 | Chandela Dynasty | India | c. 9th – 12th Century CE | Architecture, literature | Hindi | Khajuraho | | 98 | Swahili City-States | East Africa | c. 1000 CE – 1500 CE | Maritime trade, culture | Swahili | Various | | 99 | Silla Kingdom | Korea | c. 57 BCE – 935 CE | Cultural advancements, Buddhism | Korean | Heo Hwang-ok | | 100 | Mjölnir Kingdom | Scandinavia | nan | Cultural legacy, arts | Norse | nan | | 101 | Akhadian Empire | Mesopotamia | c. 2334 – 2154 BCE | First empire, administration | Akkadian | Sargon of Akkad | | 102 | Medieval Sicily | Italy | c. 831 – 1194 CE | Cultural exchange, trade | Arabic/Sicilian | Roger II | | 103 | Mitanni Kingdom | Near East | c. 1500 – 1300 BCE | Horses, chariotry | Hurrian | Tushratta | | 104 | House of Saxe-Coburg | Germany | c. 1830 – 1918 CE | Royal dynasties, European politics | German | Albert | | 105 | East India Company | India | 1600 – 1874 CE | Colonial trade, governance | English | Warren Hastings | | 106 | Khmer Empire | Southeast Asia | 802 – 1431 CE | Angkor Wat, irrigation | Khmer | Jayavarman II | | 107 | Okhrid | Macedonia | c. 4th Century BCE – Early Middle Ages | Cultural center, administration | Greek/Slavic | nan | | 108 | Sultanal Arakan | Myanmar | c. 1430 – 1784 CE | Maritime power, trade | Burmese | nan | | 109 | Ipeq | Bulgaria | c. 861 – 1018 CE | Cultural foundation, education | Bulgarian | Boris I | | 110 | Kingdom of Achaemenid Persians | Persia | c. 550 – 330 BCE | Administration, roads | Persian | Cyrus the Great | | 111 | Orang Asli Tribes | Malaysia | c. 300 BCE – present | Indigenous culture, crafts | Malay | nan | | 112 | Odisha Empire | India | c. 800 – 1400 CE | Cultural synthesis, architecture | Odia | nan | | 113 | Janic Kingdom | North Africa | c. 1st Century – 3rd Century CE | Cultural exchange, trade | Latin | Merovech | | 114 | Diadochi Kingdoms | Greece | 323 – 30 BCE | Secondary Monarchies, Hellenistic culture | Greek | Antigonids | | 115 | Nabateans | Arabia | c. 4th Century BCE – 106 CE | Trade, architecture | Nabataean | Aretas IV | | 116 | Kingdom of Wessex | England | c. 519 – 927 CE | Anglo-Saxon culture, unification | Old English | Alfred the Great | | 117 | Chymar Empire | Central Asia | c. 200 BCE – 100 CE | Urban centers, trade | Chymar | nan | | 118 | Fu Manchu | Asia | c. 1900 – 1970 CE | Cultural figures | Various | nan | | 119 | Albania Kingdom | Albania | c. 1190–1479 CE | Culture, arts | Albanian | Ismail Qemali | | 120 | Bosporan Kingdom | Taurica | c. 480 BCE – 370 CE | Cultural integration, trade routes | Sarmatian | nan | | 121 | Iberian Peninsula Cultures | Spain/Portugal | c. 3000 BCE – c. 1000 CE | Cultural heritage, art | Iberian | nan | | 122 | Vatican States | Italy | c. 754 AD – present | Religious influence, architecture | Latin | Pope Leo XIII | | 123 | Tribal Confederation of Gallia | France | c. 400 – 100 CE | Political structures, culture | Gallic | Various | | 124 | Timurid Empire | Central Asia | 1370 - 1507 CE | Cultural revival, architecture | Persian | Timur | | 125 | Taliban United States | Afghanistan | 1996 – 2001, 2021 – Present | Cultural influence, politics | Pashto/Dari | Mullah Omar | | 126 | Almacigue | South America | 15th Century – 19th Century | Cultural practices, ecology | Various | nan | | 127 | Mitla | Mexico | c. 950 – 1521 CE | Architectural heritage, art | Zapotec | nan | | 128 | Burgher Union | India | 1525 – 1600 CE | Cultural exchange, trade | Gujarati | nan | | 129 | Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms | England | 410 – 1066 CE | Historical legacies, culture | Old English | Bede | | 130 | Namibia Confederation | Africa | c. 1950 – Present | Cultural practices, autochthonous rights | Various | nan | | 131 | Algiers | North Africa | c. 1516 – 1830 CE | Cultural exchange, piracy | Arabic | Baba Ali | | 132 | Galician Kingdom | Spain | c. 800 – 1230 CE | Cultural achievements | Galician | Ramón Menéndez Pidal | | 133 | Bazantyn | Ukraine | c. 9th Century – 1480 CE | Cultural interactions, agriculture | Rus/Ruthenian | Various | | 134 | Carthaginian Republic | North Africa | c. 814 – 146 BCE | Naval dominance, trade | Punic | Hannibal | | 135 | Swahili Empires | East Africa | c. 1000 – 1500 CE | Cultural interactions, trade | Swahili | nan | | 136 | Tuscan,"Italy | c. 1100 – 15th Century | Architectural innovations, agriculture | Tuscany | nan | nan | | 137 | Cascadia | North America | c. 16th – 20th Century | Cultural heritage, civilizational developments | Cascadian | nan | | 138 | Norwegian Akershus | Scandinavia | c. 1300 – 1800 | Military history, trade | Norwegian | Various | | 139 | Zhou Dynasty | c. 1046 – 256 BCE | Philosophical developments, governance | Chinese | Wuwang | nan | | 140 | Navarre Kingdom | Spain | c. 905 – 1512 CE | Cultural synthesis, defense | Basque | Sancho II | | 141 | Tucson Rodeo | Arizona | 1820 – present | Cultural activities, agriculture | English (Spanish region) | nan | | 142 | Kalmar Union | "Scandinavia" | 1397 – 1523 CE | Unification of Scandinavian kingdoms | Danish | Margaret I | | 143 | Selkuja | Middle East | 1037 – 1194 CE | Architectural achievements, cultural fusion | Persian | Tughril Beg | | 144 | Khalsa | India | 1699 – present | Sikh identity, spirituality | Punjabi | Gobind Singh | | 145 | Caledonia | Scotland | c. 1st Century AD - 5th Century CE | Celtic heritage, resistance | Gaelic | nan | | 146 | Sasanian Empire | Iran | 224 – 651 CE | Cultural developments, governance | Middle Persian | Khosrow II | | 147 | Ali Pasha Epirus | Greece | c. 1744 – 1822 CE | Ottoman administration, rebellion | Albanian | Ali Pasha | | 148 | Bysanz | Eastern Mediterranean | c. 330 – 1453 CE | Cultural fusion, governance | Greek | Justinian I | | 149 | Zulu Empire | South Africa | c. 1816 – 1897 CE | Military organization, culture | Zulu | Shaka Zulu | | 150 | Macromeric Empire | Central Asia | c. 2600 – 2000 BCE | Cultural advancements | Macromeric | nan | | 151 | Kingdom of Uí Néill | Ireland | c. 400 – 1167 CE | Celtic governance, Ireland | Irish | Niall of the Nine Hostages | | 152 | Scythian | Eurasia | c. 900 – 200 BCE | Military strategies, trade routes | Scythian | Various | | 153 | Venetian Republic | Venice | 421 – 1797 CE | Naval power, trade | Italian | Enrico Dandolo | | 154 | Haida Nation | North America | c. 1500 – Present | Cultural heritage, craftsmanship | Haida | Chiefs and leaders | | 155 | Burgundian State | France | c. 407 – 1477 CE | Finesse in trade, arts | French | Duke Philip the Good | | 156 | Hausa Kingdoms | West Africa | c. 1000 – 1800 CE | Trade networks, governance | Hausa | Various | | 157 | Anjou Kingdom | France/England | c. 931 – 1485 CE | Cultural exchanges, politics | Old French | Henry II | | 158 | Chola Dynasty | India | c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE | Art, literature, architecture | Tamil | Rajendra Chola I | | 159 | Great Moravia | Czech Republic/Slovakia | c. 833 – 907 CE | Cultural influence, governance | Slavic | Svatopluk I | | 160 | Empire of Nicaea | Byzantine Greece | 1204 – 1261 CE | Cultural renaissance, resistance | Greek | Theodore II | | 161 | Chakra Empire | Subcontinent | c. 13th Century – 17th Century | Astronomy, mathematics | Hindi | Various | | 162 | Achyutharaya Empire | India | c. 1530 – 1646 CE | Architecture, cultural synthesis | Kannada | Achyutharaya | | 163 | Aztec Empire | Mesoamerica | 1428 – 1521 CE | Cultural and agricultural advancements | Nahuatl | Moctezuma II | | 164 | Shaiva Kingdoms | South Asia | c. 600 – 1200 CE | Cultural precursors | Tamil | Various |