Empire Name	Region	Period of Existence	Notable Contributions	Language	Significant Rulers
Uruk	Mesopotamia	c. 4500 – 3100 BCE	Early urbanization, cuneiform writing	Sumerian	Gilgamesh
Elam	Iran	c. 2700 – 539 BCE	Art, architecture, metalworking	Elamite	Untash-Napirisha
Hittite Empire	Anatolia	c. 1600 – 1178 BCE	Iron Age technology, treaties	Hittite	Hattusili III
Mitanni	Near East	c. 1500 – 1300 BCE	Horse training, chariot technology	Hurrian	Tushratta
Phoenician Empire	Mediterranean	c. 1500 – 300 BCE	Alphabet, trade routes	Phoenician	Hiram I
Aksumite Empire	Horn of Africa	c. 100 – 940 CE	Trade, monumental obelisks	Ge'ez	Ezana
Parthian Empire	Iran	c. 247 BCE – 224 CE	Silk Road trade, arts	Middle Persian	Mithridates I
Seljuk Empire	Middle East	c. 1037 – 1194 CE	Cultural fusion, architecture	Turkic	Tughril Beg
Khmer Empire	Southeast Asia	c. 802 – 1431 CE	Angkor Wat, irrigation systems	Khmer	Jayavarman II
Maratha Empire	India	1674 – 1818 CE	Military strategies, administration	Marathi	Shivaji
Khanate of Khiva	Central Asia	1511 – 1920 CE	Silk trade, governance	Turkic	Muhammad Rahim Khan II
Tang Dynasty	China	618 – 907 CE	Trade expansion, cultural advancements	Chinese	Li Yuan
Natchez Tribe	North America	c. 800 – 1730 CE	Mound building, agriculture	Natchez	Great Sun
Saite Dynasty	Egypt	c. 664 – 525 BCE	Artistic achievement, trade	Ancient Egyptian	Psamtik I
Mali Empire	West Africa	c. 1235 – 1600 CE	Education, wealth, trade	Mande	Mansa Musa
Chola Dynasty	India	c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE	Maritime trade, temple architecture	Tamil	Rajaraja Chola I
Qin Dynasty	China	221 – 206 BCE	Great Wall, centralized governance	Chinese	Qin Shi Huang
Songhai Empire	West Africa	c. 1430 – 1591 CE	Scholarship, trade routes	Songhai	Askia Mohammad I
Tanganyika	East Africa	19th Century	Cultural exchange, trade networks	Swahili	Various
Kingdom of Axum	Horn of Africa	c. 100 – 940 CE	Christianity's spread, coinage	Ge'ez	King Ezana
Ottoman Empire	Middle East/Europe	1299 – 1922 CE	Architecture, cultural synthesis	Turkish	Suleiman the Magnificent
Roman Empire	Mediterranean	27 BCE – 476 CE	Law, architecture, governance	Latin	Augustus
Byzantine Empire	Eastern Mediterranean	330 – 1453 CE	Preservation of Greek/Roman knowledge	Greek	Justinian I
Khazar Khaganate	Eurasia	c. 650 – 965 CE	Cultural exchange, trade routes	Turkic	Bulanchak
Zhou Dynasty	China	c. 1046 – 256 BCE	Philosophy, feudal system	Chinese	Wuwang
Scythian Empire	Eurasia	c. 900 – 200 BCE	Nomadic warfare, art	Scythian	Atei
Viking Age	Northern Europe	793 – 1066 CE	Exploration, trade, settlement	Old Norse	Harald Hardrada
Campanian Neolithic	Italy	c. 6000 – 2000 BCE	Early agriculture, pottery	Various	NaN
West African Kingdom of Ghana	West Africa	c. 300 – 1200 CE	Gold trade, cultural influence	Soninke	Basi
Kingdom of Kush	Nubia	c. 1070 BCE – 350 CE	Pyramids, iron-working	Meroitic	Piye
Seljuk Empire	Middle East	1037 – 1194 CE	Architecture, cultural synthesis	Turkish	Tughril Beg
Kingdom of Silla	Korea	57 BCE – 935 CE	Buddhism, art, culture	Korean	Queen Seondeok
Great Zimbabwe	Southern Africa	1100 – 1450 CE	Stone construction, trade	Shona	NaN
Rashidun Caliphate	Middle East	632 – 661 CE	Expansion of Islam, governance	Arabic	Abu Bakr
Han Dynasty	China	206 BCE – 220 CE	Silk Road trade, innovations	Chinese	Emperor Wu
Umayyad Caliphate	Middle East/Iberia	661 – 750 CE	Expansion of Islam, culture	Arabic	Abdul Malik
Antiochus Dynasty	Syria	c. 300 – 63 BCE	Cultural fusion, Hellenization	Greek	Antiochus III
Chavín Civilization	Peru	c. 900 – 200 BCE	Multi-regional influence, art	Chavín	NaN
Assyrian Empire	Mesopotamia	c. 2500 – 605 BCE	Military strategies, administration	Akkadian	Ashurbanipal
Angkor Empire	Southeast Asia	c. 802 – 1431 CE	Religious influence, architecture	Khmer	Jayavarman VII
Armada of Spain	Europe/Indonesia	16th Century	Maritime power, cultural exchange	Spanish	Philip II
Romanov Dynasty	Russia	1613 – 1917 CE	Modernization, territorial expansion	Russian	Peter the Great
Alodia	Nubia	c. 500 – 1500 CE	Christianity, trade	Nubian	Various
Nabataean Kingdom	Arabia	c. 4th Century BCE – 106 CE	Trade, architecture	Nabataean	Aretas IV
Carthaginian Empire	North Africa	c. 814 – 146 BCE	Naval power, trade	Punic	Hannibal
Antigonid Kingdom	Macedonia	c. 306 – 168 BCE	Hellenistic culture, politics	Greek	Antigonus I
Fatimid Caliphate	North Africa/Middle East	909 – 1171 CE	Islamic culture, trade	Arabic	Al-Muizz
Sassanid Empire	Iran	224 – 651 CE	Zoroastrianism, arts, architecture	Middle Persian	Khosrow I
Norse Greenland	Greenland	c. 986 – 1450 CE	Exploration, settlement	Old Norse	Erik the Red
Cinque Ports Confederation	England	c. 1155–16th Century	Maritime trade, defense	English	Various
Scandinavian Union	Scandinavia	1397 – 1523 CE	Political union, trade	Danish	Margaret I
Inca Empire	South America	c. 1438 – 1533 CE	Agricultural innovation, road systems	Quechua	Pachacuti
Frankish Kingdom	Western Europe	c. 481 – 843 CE	Feudalism, Carolingian Renaissance	Frankish	Charlemagne
Xiongnu Empire	Central Asia	c. 300 BCE – 200 CE	Nomadic confederation, warfare	Xiongnu	Mongke Chanyu
Jin Dynasty	China	1115 – 1234 CE	Culture, military techniques	Jurchen	Wanyan Aguda
Malacca Sultanate	Southeast Asia	c. 1400 – 1511 CE	Trading hub, cultural exchange	Malay	Parameswara
Kingdom of Bunyoro	Uganda	c. 14th Century – Present	Agriculture, cultural heritage	Runyoro	Omukama Nuhakama
Polynesian Kingdoms	Pacific Islands	c. 1000 – 1850 CE	Navigation, cultural practices	Various	NaN
Roman Britain	Britain	43 – 410 CE	Roads, architecture, law	Latin	Hadrian
Kingdom of Ptolemaic Egypt	Egypt	305 – 30 BCE	Hellenistic culture, science	Greek	Cleopatra VII
Norse Culture	Scandinavia	c. 800 – 1100 CE	Exploration, poetry, sagas	Norse	Leif Erikson
Spanish Empire	Worldwide	1492 – 1898 CE	Colonization, trade networks	Spanish	Philip II
Portuguese Empire	Worldwide	1415 – 1999 CE	Maritime exploration, trade	Portuguese	Henry the Navigator
Chola Empire	India/Southeast Asia	c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE	Art, temple architecture	Tamil	Rajaraja Chola I
Nouadhibou Confederacy	Mauritania	Pre-colonial Era	Trade, governance	Arabic	NaN
Kingdom of Novgorod	Russia	Early Middle Ages	Trade, governance	Old Russian	Gustaf Arvidsson
Nan Madol	Micronesia	c. 1100 – 1600 CE	Stone construction, political center	Pohnpeian	NaN
Vandals	North Africa	c. 430 – 534 CE	Naval power, cultural influence	Vandalic	Genseric
Seljuk Turks	Middle East	c. 1037 – 1194 CE	Islamic culture, warfare	Turkic	Tughril Beg
Kingdom of Zimbabwe	Southern Africa	c. 1100 – 1450 CE	Trade, architecture	Shona	NaN
Khmt (Kemet)	Egypt	c. 3100 – 332 BCE	Writing, monumental architecture	Egyptian	Pharaoh Narmer
Albanian Kingdom	Balkans	c. 12th Century – 1431 CE	Cultural heritage, military strategies	Albanian	Skanderbeg
Malwa Sultanate	India	c. 1400–1531 CE	Cultural synthesis, trade	Hindi	Mahmud Khilji
Augustan Rome	Italy	27 BCE – 14 CE	Cultural advancements, legal reforms	Latin	Augustus
Burgundian State	France	c. 407 – 1477 CE	Cultural fusion, economy	Latin	Charles the Bold
Sardinian Kingdom	Sardinia	Early Medieval	Cultural heritage, governance	Sardinian	Various
Talaiotic Culture	Balearic Islands	Prehistoric	Megalithic construction, agriculture	Talaiotic	NaN
Iberian Kingdoms	Iberian Peninsula	c. 500 – 1492 CE	Cultural exchange, trade	Latin/Castilian	Various
Chimu Empire	Peru	c. 900 – 1470 CE	Agriculture, metalworking	Chimu	NaN
Lady of Elche	Spain	c. 4th Century BCE – 1st Century CE	Art, culture	Iberian	NaN
Al Ruha	Jordan	c. 200 CE – 700 CE	Cultural fusion, trade	Arabic	NaN
Savoyard State	Italy	c. 200 – 1860 CE	Trade, politics	Italian/French	Emmanuel Philibert
Kingdom of Sogdiana	Central Asia	c. 600 BCE – 1000 CE	Silk Road trade, cultural exchange	Sogdian	NaN
Kingdom of Mallorca	Mallorca	c. 1229 – 1349 CE	Cultural synthesis, trade	Catalan	Jaume I
Republic of Venice	Italy	c. 697 – 1797 CE	Maritime power, commerce	Italian	Venice Doge
Maratha Empire	India	1674 – 1818 CE	Regional autonomy, military tactics	Marathi	Shivaji
Kingdom of Navarra	Spain	c. 900 – 1512 CE	Political alliance, trade	Navarrese	Sancho VI
Khazaria	Eurasia	c. 650 – 965 CE	Trade, cultural exchange	Turkic/Hebrew	Bolu
Catawba Nation	North America	c. 1650 – 1759 CE	Agriculture, local governance	Catawba	Various
Sogdian City-States	Central Asia	c. 700 BCE – 1000 CE	Cultural exchange, trade	Sogdian	NaN
Teutonic Order	Eastern Europe	1190 – 1561 CE	Crusades, trade	German	Hermann von Salza
Kingdom of Flanders	Belgium	c. 862 – 1795 CE	Cultural impact, economy	Flemish	Various
Nanzhao Kingdom	China	c. 748 – 902 CE	Cultural syncretism, trade	Bai	Dali King
Trigavel Kingdom	Spain	c. 8th Century onwards	Cultural achievements, defense	Asturleonese	NaN
Kingdom of Serbia	Balkans	c. 1196 – 1371 CE	Military conflicts, culture	Serbian	Stefan Dušan
Chakra Monarchy	India	c. 1350 – 1614 CE	Cultural contributions	Hindi	NaN
Jinshan United States	China	c. 1st Century BCE – 2nd Century CE	Economic development, trade	Chinese	NaN
Chandela Dynasty	India	c. 9th – 12th Century CE	Architecture, literature	Hindi	Khajuraho
Swahili City-States	East Africa	c. 1000 CE – 1500 CE	Maritime trade, culture	Swahili	Various
Silla Kingdom	Korea	c. 57 BCE – 935 CE	Cultural advancements, Buddhism	Korean	Heo Hwang-ok
Mjölnir Kingdom	Scandinavia	NaN	Cultural legacy, arts	Norse	NaN
Akhadian Empire	Mesopotamia	c. 2334 – 2154 BCE	First empire, administration	Akkadian	Sargon of Akkad
Medieval Sicily	Italy	c. 831 – 1194 CE	Cultural exchange, trade	Arabic/Sicilian	Roger II
Mitanni Kingdom	Near East	c. 1500 – 1300 BCE	Horses, chariotry	Hurrian	Tushratta
House of Saxe-Coburg	Germany	c. 1830 – 1918 CE	Royal dynasties, European politics	German	Albert
East India Company	India	1600 – 1874 CE	Colonial trade, governance	English	Warren Hastings
Khmer Empire	Southeast Asia	802 – 1431 CE	Angkor Wat, irrigation	Khmer	Jayavarman II
Okhrid	Macedonia	c. 4th Century BCE – Early Middle Ages	Cultural center, administration	Greek/Slavic	NaN
Sultanal Arakan	Myanmar	c. 1430 – 1784 CE	Maritime power, trade	Burmese	NaN
Ipeq	Bulgaria	c. 861 – 1018 CE	Cultural foundation, education	Bulgarian	Boris I
Kingdom of Achaemenid Persians	Persia	c. 550 – 330 BCE	Administration, roads	Persian	Cyrus the Great
Orang Asli Tribes	Malaysia	c. 300 BCE – present	Indigenous culture, crafts	Malay	NaN
Odisha Empire	India	c. 800 – 1400 CE	Cultural synthesis, architecture	Odia	NaN
Janic Kingdom	North Africa	c. 1st Century – 3rd Century CE	Cultural exchange, trade	Latin	Merovech
Diadochi Kingdoms	Greece	323 – 30 BCE	Secondary Monarchies, Hellenistic culture	Greek	Antigonids
Nabateans	Arabia	c. 4th Century BCE – 106 CE	Trade, architecture	Nabataean	Aretas IV
Kingdom of Wessex	England	c. 519 – 927 CE	Anglo-Saxon culture, unification	Old English	Alfred the Great
Chymar Empire	Central Asia	c. 200 BCE – 100 CE	Urban centers, trade	Chymar	NaN
Fu Manchu	Asia	c. 1900 – 1970 CE	Cultural figures	Various	NaN
Albania Kingdom	Albania	c. 1190–1479 CE	Culture, arts	Albanian	Ismail Qemali
Bosporan Kingdom	Taurica	c. 480 BCE – 370 CE	Cultural integration, trade routes	Sarmatian	NaN
Iberian Peninsula Cultures	Spain/Portugal	c. 3000 BCE – c. 1000 CE	Cultural heritage, art	Iberian	NaN
Vatican States	Italy	c. 754 AD – present	Religious influence, architecture	Latin	Pope Leo XIII
Tribal Confederation of Gallia	France	c. 400 – 100 CE	Political structures, culture	Gallic	Various
Timurid Empire	Central Asia	1370 - 1507 CE	Cultural revival, architecture	Persian	Timur
Taliban United States	Afghanistan	1996 – 2001, 2021 – Present	Cultural influence, politics	Pashto/Dari	Mullah Omar
Almacigue	South America	15th Century – 19th Century	Cultural practices, ecology	Various	NaN
Mitla	Mexico	c. 950 – 1521 CE	Architectural heritage, art	Zapotec	NaN
Burgher Union	India	1525 – 1600 CE	Cultural exchange, trade	Gujarati	NaN
Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms	England	410 – 1066 CE	Historical legacies, culture	Old English	Bede
Namibia Confederation	Africa	c. 1950 – Present	Cultural practices, autochthonous rights	Various	NaN
Algiers	North Africa	c. 1516 – 1830 CE	Cultural exchange, piracy	Arabic	Baba Ali
Galician Kingdom	Spain	c. 800 – 1230 CE	Cultural achievements	Galician	Ramón Menéndez Pidal
Bazantyn	Ukraine	c. 9th Century – 1480 CE	Cultural interactions, agriculture	Rus/Ruthenian	Various
Carthaginian Republic	North Africa	c. 814 – 146 BCE	Naval dominance, trade	Punic	Hannibal
Swahili Empires	East Africa	c. 1000 – 1500 CE	Cultural interactions, trade	Swahili	NaN
Tuscan,"Italy	c. 1100 – 15th Century	Architectural innovations, agriculture	Tuscany	NaN	NaN
Cascadia	North America	c. 16th – 20th Century	Cultural heritage, civilizational developments	Cascadian	NaN
Norwegian Akershus	Scandinavia	c. 1300 – 1800	Military history, trade	Norwegian	Various
Zhou Dynasty	c. 1046 – 256 BCE	Philosophical developments, governance	Chinese	Wuwang	NaN
Navarre Kingdom	Spain	c. 905 – 1512 CE	Cultural synthesis, defense	Basque	Sancho II
Tucson Rodeo	Arizona	1820 – present	Cultural activities, agriculture	English (Spanish region)	NaN
Kalmar Union	"Scandinavia"	1397 – 1523 CE	Unification of Scandinavian kingdoms	Danish	Margaret I
Selkuja	Middle East	1037 – 1194 CE	Architectural achievements, cultural fusion	Persian	Tughril Beg
Khalsa	India	1699 – present	Sikh identity, spirituality	Punjabi	Gobind Singh
Caledonia	Scotland	c. 1st Century AD - 5th Century CE	Celtic heritage, resistance	Gaelic	NaN
Sasanian Empire	Iran	224 – 651 CE	Cultural developments, governance	Middle Persian	Khosrow II
Ali Pasha Epirus	Greece	c. 1744 – 1822 CE	Ottoman administration, rebellion	Albanian	Ali Pasha
Bysanz	Eastern Mediterranean	c. 330 – 1453 CE	Cultural fusion, governance	Greek	Justinian I
Zulu Empire	South Africa	c. 1816 – 1897 CE	Military organization, culture	Zulu	Shaka Zulu
Macromeric Empire	Central Asia	c. 2600 – 2000 BCE	Cultural advancements	Macromeric	NaN
Kingdom of Uí Néill	Ireland	c. 400 – 1167 CE	Celtic governance, Ireland	Irish	Niall of the Nine Hostages
Scythian	Eurasia	c. 900 – 200 BCE	Military strategies, trade routes	Scythian	Various
Venetian Republic	Venice	421 – 1797 CE	Naval power, trade	Italian	Enrico Dandolo
Haida Nation	North America	c. 1500 – Present	Cultural heritage, craftsmanship	Haida	Chiefs and leaders
Burgundian State	France	c. 407 – 1477 CE	Finesse in trade, arts	French	Duke Philip the Good
Hausa Kingdoms	West Africa	c. 1000 – 1800 CE	Trade networks, governance	Hausa	Various
Anjou Kingdom	France/England	c. 931 – 1485 CE	Cultural exchanges, politics	Old French	Henry II
Chola Dynasty	India	c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE	Art, literature, architecture	Tamil	Rajendra Chola I
Great Moravia	Czech Republic/Slovakia	c. 833 – 907 CE	Cultural influence, governance	Slavic	Svatopluk I
Empire of Nicaea	Byzantine Greece	1204 – 1261 CE	Cultural renaissance, resistance	Greek	Theodore II
Chakra Empire	Subcontinent	c. 13th Century – 17th Century	Astronomy, mathematics	Hindi	Various
Achyutharaya Empire	India	c. 1530 – 1646 CE	Architecture, cultural synthesis	Kannada	Achyutharaya
Aztec Empire	Mesoamerica	1428 – 1521 CE	Cultural and agricultural advancements	Nahuatl	Moctezuma II
Shaiva Kingdoms	South Asia	c. 600 – 1200 CE	Cultural precursors	Tamil	Various