Uruk |
Mesopotamia |
c. 4500 – 3100 BCE |
Early urbanization, cuneiform writing |
Sumerian |
Gilgamesh |
Elam |
Iran |
c. 2700 – 539 BCE |
Art, architecture, metalworking |
Elamite |
Untash-Napirisha |
Hittite Empire |
Anatolia |
c. 1600 – 1178 BCE |
Iron Age technology, treaties |
Hittite |
Hattusili III |
Mitanni |
Near East |
c. 1500 – 1300 BCE |
Horse training, chariot technology |
Hurrian |
Tushratta |
Phoenician Empire |
Mediterranean |
c. 1500 – 300 BCE |
Alphabet, trade routes |
Phoenician |
Hiram I |
Aksumite Empire |
Horn of Africa |
c. 100 – 940 CE |
Trade, monumental obelisks |
Ge'ez |
Ezana |
Parthian Empire |
Iran |
c. 247 BCE – 224 CE |
Silk Road trade, arts |
Middle Persian |
Mithridates I |
Seljuk Empire |
Middle East |
c. 1037 – 1194 CE |
Cultural fusion, architecture |
Turkic |
Tughril Beg |
Khmer Empire |
Southeast Asia |
c. 802 – 1431 CE |
Angkor Wat, irrigation systems |
Khmer |
Jayavarman II |
Maratha Empire |
India |
1674 – 1818 CE |
Military strategies, administration |
Marathi |
Shivaji |
Khanate of Khiva |
Central Asia |
1511 – 1920 CE |
Silk trade, governance |
Turkic |
Muhammad Rahim Khan II |
Tang Dynasty |
China |
618 – 907 CE |
Trade expansion, cultural advancements |
Chinese |
Li Yuan |
Natchez Tribe |
North America |
c. 800 – 1730 CE |
Mound building, agriculture |
Natchez |
Great Sun |
Saite Dynasty |
Egypt |
c. 664 – 525 BCE |
Artistic achievement, trade |
Ancient Egyptian |
Psamtik I |
Mali Empire |
West Africa |
c. 1235 – 1600 CE |
Education, wealth, trade |
Mande |
Mansa Musa |
Chola Dynasty |
India |
c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE |
Maritime trade, temple architecture |
Tamil |
Rajaraja Chola I |
Qin Dynasty |
China |
221 – 206 BCE |
Great Wall, centralized governance |
Chinese |
Qin Shi Huang |
Songhai Empire |
West Africa |
c. 1430 – 1591 CE |
Scholarship, trade routes |
Songhai |
Askia Mohammad I |
Tanganyika |
East Africa |
19th Century |
Cultural exchange, trade networks |
Swahili |
Various |
Kingdom of Axum |
Horn of Africa |
c. 100 – 940 CE |
Christianity's spread, coinage |
Ge'ez |
King Ezana |
Ottoman Empire |
Middle East/Europe |
1299 – 1922 CE |
Architecture, cultural synthesis |
Turkish |
Suleiman the Magnificent |
Roman Empire |
Mediterranean |
27 BCE – 476 CE |
Law, architecture, governance |
Latin |
Augustus |
Byzantine Empire |
Eastern Mediterranean |
330 – 1453 CE |
Preservation of Greek/Roman knowledge |
Greek |
Justinian I |
Khazar Khaganate |
Eurasia |
c. 650 – 965 CE |
Cultural exchange, trade routes |
Turkic |
Bulanchak |
Zhou Dynasty |
China |
c. 1046 – 256 BCE |
Philosophy, feudal system |
Chinese |
Wuwang |
Scythian Empire |
Eurasia |
c. 900 – 200 BCE |
Nomadic warfare, art |
Scythian |
Atei |
Viking Age |
Northern Europe |
793 – 1066 CE |
Exploration, trade, settlement |
Old Norse |
Harald Hardrada |
Campanian Neolithic |
Italy |
c. 6000 – 2000 BCE |
Early agriculture, pottery |
Various |
NaN |
West African Kingdom of Ghana |
West Africa |
c. 300 – 1200 CE |
Gold trade, cultural influence |
Soninke |
Basi |
Kingdom of Kush |
Nubia |
c. 1070 BCE – 350 CE |
Pyramids, iron-working |
Meroitic |
Piye |
Seljuk Empire |
Middle East |
1037 – 1194 CE |
Architecture, cultural synthesis |
Turkish |
Tughril Beg |
Kingdom of Silla |
Korea |
57 BCE – 935 CE |
Buddhism, art, culture |
Korean |
Queen Seondeok |
Great Zimbabwe |
Southern Africa |
1100 – 1450 CE |
Stone construction, trade |
Shona |
NaN |
Rashidun Caliphate |
Middle East |
632 – 661 CE |
Expansion of Islam, governance |
Arabic |
Abu Bakr |
Han Dynasty |
China |
206 BCE – 220 CE |
Silk Road trade, innovations |
Chinese |
Emperor Wu |
Umayyad Caliphate |
Middle East/Iberia |
661 – 750 CE |
Expansion of Islam, culture |
Arabic |
Abdul Malik |
Antiochus Dynasty |
Syria |
c. 300 – 63 BCE |
Cultural fusion, Hellenization |
Greek |
Antiochus III |
Chavín Civilization |
Peru |
c. 900 – 200 BCE |
Multi-regional influence, art |
Chavín |
NaN |
Assyrian Empire |
Mesopotamia |
c. 2500 – 605 BCE |
Military strategies, administration |
Akkadian |
Ashurbanipal |
Angkor Empire |
Southeast Asia |
c. 802 – 1431 CE |
Religious influence, architecture |
Khmer |
Jayavarman VII |
Armada of Spain |
Europe/Indonesia |
16th Century |
Maritime power, cultural exchange |
Spanish |
Philip II |
Romanov Dynasty |
Russia |
1613 – 1917 CE |
Modernization, territorial expansion |
Russian |
Peter the Great |
Alodia |
Nubia |
c. 500 – 1500 CE |
Christianity, trade |
Nubian |
Various |
Nabataean Kingdom |
Arabia |
c. 4th Century BCE – 106 CE |
Trade, architecture |
Nabataean |
Aretas IV |
Carthaginian Empire |
North Africa |
c. 814 – 146 BCE |
Naval power, trade |
Punic |
Hannibal |
Antigonid Kingdom |
Macedonia |
c. 306 – 168 BCE |
Hellenistic culture, politics |
Greek |
Antigonus I |
Fatimid Caliphate |
North Africa/Middle East |
909 – 1171 CE |
Islamic culture, trade |
Arabic |
Al-Muizz |
Sassanid Empire |
Iran |
224 – 651 CE |
Zoroastrianism, arts, architecture |
Middle Persian |
Khosrow I |
Norse Greenland |
Greenland |
c. 986 – 1450 CE |
Exploration, settlement |
Old Norse |
Erik the Red |
Cinque Ports Confederation |
England |
c. 1155–16th Century |
Maritime trade, defense |
English |
Various |
Scandinavian Union |
Scandinavia |
1397 – 1523 CE |
Political union, trade |
Danish |
Margaret I |
Inca Empire |
South America |
c. 1438 – 1533 CE |
Agricultural innovation, road systems |
Quechua |
Pachacuti |
Frankish Kingdom |
Western Europe |
c. 481 – 843 CE |
Feudalism, Carolingian Renaissance |
Frankish |
Charlemagne |
Xiongnu Empire |
Central Asia |
c. 300 BCE – 200 CE |
Nomadic confederation, warfare |
Xiongnu |
Mongke Chanyu |
Jin Dynasty |
China |
1115 – 1234 CE |
Culture, military techniques |
Jurchen |
Wanyan Aguda |
Malacca Sultanate |
Southeast Asia |
c. 1400 – 1511 CE |
Trading hub, cultural exchange |
Malay |
Parameswara |
Kingdom of Bunyoro |
Uganda |
c. 14th Century – Present |
Agriculture, cultural heritage |
Runyoro |
Omukama Nuhakama |
Polynesian Kingdoms |
Pacific Islands |
c. 1000 – 1850 CE |
Navigation, cultural practices |
Various |
NaN |
Roman Britain |
Britain |
43 – 410 CE |
Roads, architecture, law |
Latin |
Hadrian |
Kingdom of Ptolemaic Egypt |
Egypt |
305 – 30 BCE |
Hellenistic culture, science |
Greek |
Cleopatra VII |
Norse Culture |
Scandinavia |
c. 800 – 1100 CE |
Exploration, poetry, sagas |
Norse |
Leif Erikson |
Spanish Empire |
Worldwide |
1492 – 1898 CE |
Colonization, trade networks |
Spanish |
Philip II |
Portuguese Empire |
Worldwide |
1415 – 1999 CE |
Maritime exploration, trade |
Portuguese |
Henry the Navigator |
Chola Empire |
India/Southeast Asia |
c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE |
Art, temple architecture |
Tamil |
Rajaraja Chola I |
Nouadhibou Confederacy |
Mauritania |
Pre-colonial Era |
Trade, governance |
Arabic |
NaN |
Kingdom of Novgorod |
Russia |
Early Middle Ages |
Trade, governance |
Old Russian |
Gustaf Arvidsson |
Nan Madol |
Micronesia |
c. 1100 – 1600 CE |
Stone construction, political center |
Pohnpeian |
NaN |
Vandals |
North Africa |
c. 430 – 534 CE |
Naval power, cultural influence |
Vandalic |
Genseric |
Seljuk Turks |
Middle East |
c. 1037 – 1194 CE |
Islamic culture, warfare |
Turkic |
Tughril Beg |
Kingdom of Zimbabwe |
Southern Africa |
c. 1100 – 1450 CE |
Trade, architecture |
Shona |
NaN |
Khmt (Kemet) |
Egypt |
c. 3100 – 332 BCE |
Writing, monumental architecture |
Egyptian |
Pharaoh Narmer |
Albanian Kingdom |
Balkans |
c. 12th Century – 1431 CE |
Cultural heritage, military strategies |
Albanian |
Skanderbeg |
Malwa Sultanate |
India |
c. 1400–1531 CE |
Cultural synthesis, trade |
Hindi |
Mahmud Khilji |
Augustan Rome |
Italy |
27 BCE – 14 CE |
Cultural advancements, legal reforms |
Latin |
Augustus |
Burgundian State |
France |
c. 407 – 1477 CE |
Cultural fusion, economy |
Latin |
Charles the Bold |
Sardinian Kingdom |
Sardinia |
Early Medieval |
Cultural heritage, governance |
Sardinian |
Various |
Talaiotic Culture |
Balearic Islands |
Prehistoric |
Megalithic construction, agriculture |
Talaiotic |
NaN |
Iberian Kingdoms |
Iberian Peninsula |
c. 500 – 1492 CE |
Cultural exchange, trade |
Latin/Castilian |
Various |
Chimu Empire |
Peru |
c. 900 – 1470 CE |
Agriculture, metalworking |
Chimu |
NaN |
Lady of Elche |
Spain |
c. 4th Century BCE – 1st Century CE |
Art, culture |
Iberian |
NaN |
Al Ruha |
Jordan |
c. 200 CE – 700 CE |
Cultural fusion, trade |
Arabic |
NaN |
Savoyard State |
Italy |
c. 200 – 1860 CE |
Trade, politics |
Italian/French |
Emmanuel Philibert |
Kingdom of Sogdiana |
Central Asia |
c. 600 BCE – 1000 CE |
Silk Road trade, cultural exchange |
Sogdian |
NaN |
Kingdom of Mallorca |
Mallorca |
c. 1229 – 1349 CE |
Cultural synthesis, trade |
Catalan |
Jaume I |
Republic of Venice |
Italy |
c. 697 – 1797 CE |
Maritime power, commerce |
Italian |
Venice Doge |
Maratha Empire |
India |
1674 – 1818 CE |
Regional autonomy, military tactics |
Marathi |
Shivaji |
Kingdom of Navarra |
Spain |
c. 900 – 1512 CE |
Political alliance, trade |
Navarrese |
Sancho VI |
Khazaria |
Eurasia |
c. 650 – 965 CE |
Trade, cultural exchange |
Turkic/Hebrew |
Bolu |
Catawba Nation |
North America |
c. 1650 – 1759 CE |
Agriculture, local governance |
Catawba |
Various |
Sogdian City-States |
Central Asia |
c. 700 BCE – 1000 CE |
Cultural exchange, trade |
Sogdian |
NaN |
Teutonic Order |
Eastern Europe |
1190 – 1561 CE |
Crusades, trade |
German |
Hermann von Salza |
Kingdom of Flanders |
Belgium |
c. 862 – 1795 CE |
Cultural impact, economy |
Flemish |
Various |
Nanzhao Kingdom |
China |
c. 748 – 902 CE |
Cultural syncretism, trade |
Bai |
Dali King |
Trigavel Kingdom |
Spain |
c. 8th Century onwards |
Cultural achievements, defense |
Asturleonese |
NaN |
Kingdom of Serbia |
Balkans |
c. 1196 – 1371 CE |
Military conflicts, culture |
Serbian |
Stefan Dušan |
Chakra Monarchy |
India |
c. 1350 – 1614 CE |
Cultural contributions |
Hindi |
NaN |
Jinshan United States |
China |
c. 1st Century BCE – 2nd Century CE |
Economic development, trade |
Chinese |
NaN |
Chandela Dynasty |
India |
c. 9th – 12th Century CE |
Architecture, literature |
Hindi |
Khajuraho |
Swahili City-States |
East Africa |
c. 1000 CE – 1500 CE |
Maritime trade, culture |
Swahili |
Various |
Silla Kingdom |
Korea |
c. 57 BCE – 935 CE |
Cultural advancements, Buddhism |
Korean |
Heo Hwang-ok |
Mjölnir Kingdom |
Scandinavia |
NaN |
Cultural legacy, arts |
Norse |
NaN |
Akhadian Empire |
Mesopotamia |
c. 2334 – 2154 BCE |
First empire, administration |
Akkadian |
Sargon of Akkad |
Medieval Sicily |
Italy |
c. 831 – 1194 CE |
Cultural exchange, trade |
Arabic/Sicilian |
Roger II |
Mitanni Kingdom |
Near East |
c. 1500 – 1300 BCE |
Horses, chariotry |
Hurrian |
Tushratta |
House of Saxe-Coburg |
Germany |
c. 1830 – 1918 CE |
Royal dynasties, European politics |
German |
Albert |
East India Company |
India |
1600 – 1874 CE |
Colonial trade, governance |
English |
Warren Hastings |
Khmer Empire |
Southeast Asia |
802 – 1431 CE |
Angkor Wat, irrigation |
Khmer |
Jayavarman II |
Okhrid |
Macedonia |
c. 4th Century BCE – Early Middle Ages |
Cultural center, administration |
Greek/Slavic |
NaN |
Sultanal Arakan |
Myanmar |
c. 1430 – 1784 CE |
Maritime power, trade |
Burmese |
NaN |
Ipeq |
Bulgaria |
c. 861 – 1018 CE |
Cultural foundation, education |
Bulgarian |
Boris I |
Kingdom of Achaemenid Persians |
Persia |
c. 550 – 330 BCE |
Administration, roads |
Persian |
Cyrus the Great |
Orang Asli Tribes |
Malaysia |
c. 300 BCE – present |
Indigenous culture, crafts |
Malay |
NaN |
Odisha Empire |
India |
c. 800 – 1400 CE |
Cultural synthesis, architecture |
Odia |
NaN |
Janic Kingdom |
North Africa |
c. 1st Century – 3rd Century CE |
Cultural exchange, trade |
Latin |
Merovech |
Diadochi Kingdoms |
Greece |
323 – 30 BCE |
Secondary Monarchies, Hellenistic culture |
Greek |
Antigonids |
Nabateans |
Arabia |
c. 4th Century BCE – 106 CE |
Trade, architecture |
Nabataean |
Aretas IV |
Kingdom of Wessex |
England |
c. 519 – 927 CE |
Anglo-Saxon culture, unification |
Old English |
Alfred the Great |
Chymar Empire |
Central Asia |
c. 200 BCE – 100 CE |
Urban centers, trade |
Chymar |
NaN |
Fu Manchu |
Asia |
c. 1900 – 1970 CE |
Cultural figures |
Various |
NaN |
Albania Kingdom |
Albania |
c. 1190–1479 CE |
Culture, arts |
Albanian |
Ismail Qemali |
Bosporan Kingdom |
Taurica |
c. 480 BCE – 370 CE |
Cultural integration, trade routes |
Sarmatian |
NaN |
Iberian Peninsula Cultures |
Spain/Portugal |
c. 3000 BCE – c. 1000 CE |
Cultural heritage, art |
Iberian |
NaN |
Vatican States |
Italy |
c. 754 AD – present |
Religious influence, architecture |
Latin |
Pope Leo XIII |
Tribal Confederation of Gallia |
France |
c. 400 – 100 CE |
Political structures, culture |
Gallic |
Various |
Timurid Empire |
Central Asia |
1370 - 1507 CE |
Cultural revival, architecture |
Persian |
Timur |
Taliban United States |
Afghanistan |
1996 – 2001, 2021 – Present |
Cultural influence, politics |
Pashto/Dari |
Mullah Omar |
Almacigue |
South America |
15th Century – 19th Century |
Cultural practices, ecology |
Various |
NaN |
Mitla |
Mexico |
c. 950 – 1521 CE |
Architectural heritage, art |
Zapotec |
NaN |
Burgher Union |
India |
1525 – 1600 CE |
Cultural exchange, trade |
Gujarati |
NaN |
Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms |
England |
410 – 1066 CE |
Historical legacies, culture |
Old English |
Bede |
Namibia Confederation |
Africa |
c. 1950 – Present |
Cultural practices, autochthonous rights |
Various |
NaN |
Algiers |
North Africa |
c. 1516 – 1830 CE |
Cultural exchange, piracy |
Arabic |
Baba Ali |
Galician Kingdom |
Spain |
c. 800 – 1230 CE |
Cultural achievements |
Galician |
Ramón Menéndez Pidal |
Bazantyn |
Ukraine |
c. 9th Century – 1480 CE |
Cultural interactions, agriculture |
Rus/Ruthenian |
Various |
Carthaginian Republic |
North Africa |
c. 814 – 146 BCE |
Naval dominance, trade |
Punic |
Hannibal |
Swahili Empires |
East Africa |
c. 1000 – 1500 CE |
Cultural interactions, trade |
Swahili |
NaN |
Tuscan,"Italy |
c. 1100 – 15th Century |
Architectural innovations, agriculture |
Tuscany |
NaN |
NaN |
Cascadia |
North America |
c. 16th – 20th Century |
Cultural heritage, civilizational developments |
Cascadian |
NaN |
Norwegian Akershus |
Scandinavia |
c. 1300 – 1800 |
Military history, trade |
Norwegian |
Various |
Zhou Dynasty |
c. 1046 – 256 BCE |
Philosophical developments, governance |
Chinese |
Wuwang |
NaN |
Navarre Kingdom |
Spain |
c. 905 – 1512 CE |
Cultural synthesis, defense |
Basque |
Sancho II |
Tucson Rodeo |
Arizona |
1820 – present |
Cultural activities, agriculture |
English (Spanish region) |
NaN |
Kalmar Union |
"Scandinavia" |
1397 – 1523 CE |
Unification of Scandinavian kingdoms |
Danish |
Margaret I |
Selkuja |
Middle East |
1037 – 1194 CE |
Architectural achievements, cultural fusion |
Persian |
Tughril Beg |
Khalsa |
India |
1699 – present |
Sikh identity, spirituality |
Punjabi |
Gobind Singh |
Caledonia |
Scotland |
c. 1st Century AD - 5th Century CE |
Celtic heritage, resistance |
Gaelic |
NaN |
Sasanian Empire |
Iran |
224 – 651 CE |
Cultural developments, governance |
Middle Persian |
Khosrow II |
Ali Pasha Epirus |
Greece |
c. 1744 – 1822 CE |
Ottoman administration, rebellion |
Albanian |
Ali Pasha |
Bysanz |
Eastern Mediterranean |
c. 330 – 1453 CE |
Cultural fusion, governance |
Greek |
Justinian I |
Zulu Empire |
South Africa |
c. 1816 – 1897 CE |
Military organization, culture |
Zulu |
Shaka Zulu |
Macromeric Empire |
Central Asia |
c. 2600 – 2000 BCE |
Cultural advancements |
Macromeric |
NaN |
Kingdom of Uí Néill |
Ireland |
c. 400 – 1167 CE |
Celtic governance, Ireland |
Irish |
Niall of the Nine Hostages |
Scythian |
Eurasia |
c. 900 – 200 BCE |
Military strategies, trade routes |
Scythian |
Various |
Venetian Republic |
Venice |
421 – 1797 CE |
Naval power, trade |
Italian |
Enrico Dandolo |
Haida Nation |
North America |
c. 1500 – Present |
Cultural heritage, craftsmanship |
Haida |
Chiefs and leaders |
Burgundian State |
France |
c. 407 – 1477 CE |
Finesse in trade, arts |
French |
Duke Philip the Good |
Hausa Kingdoms |
West Africa |
c. 1000 – 1800 CE |
Trade networks, governance |
Hausa |
Various |
Anjou Kingdom |
France/England |
c. 931 – 1485 CE |
Cultural exchanges, politics |
Old French |
Henry II |
Chola Dynasty |
India |
c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE |
Art, literature, architecture |
Tamil |
Rajendra Chola I |
Great Moravia |
Czech Republic/Slovakia |
c. 833 – 907 CE |
Cultural influence, governance |
Slavic |
Svatopluk I |
Empire of Nicaea |
Byzantine Greece |
1204 – 1261 CE |
Cultural renaissance, resistance |
Greek |
Theodore II |
Chakra Empire |
Subcontinent |
c. 13th Century – 17th Century |
Astronomy, mathematics |
Hindi |
Various |
Achyutharaya Empire |
India |
c. 1530 – 1646 CE |
Architecture, cultural synthesis |
Kannada |
Achyutharaya |
Aztec Empire |
Mesoamerica |
1428 – 1521 CE |
Cultural and agricultural advancements |
Nahuatl |
Moctezuma II |
Shaiva Kingdoms |
South Asia |
c. 600 – 1200 CE |
Cultural precursors |
Tamil |
Various |