Design ID	Design Name	Category	Originator	Year of Development	Description
1	Darwinian Evolution	Biology	Charles Darwin	1859	Theory of natural selection.
2	Modern Synthesis	Biology	Various	1940s	Integration of genetics with natural selection.
3	Lamarckism	Biology	Jean-Baptiste Lamarck	1809	Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
4	Punctuated Equilibrium	Biology	Stephen Jay Gould & Niles Eldredge	1972	Evolution occurs in rapid bursts.
5	Adaptive Radiation	Biology	Various	1930s	Diversification of a group of organisms.
6	Artificial Selection	Biology	Humans	Ancient Times	Selective breeding by humans.
7	Endosymbiotic Theory	Biology	Lynn Margulis	1967	Origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic symbiosis.
8	Speciation	Biology	Various	NaN	Formation of new and distinct species.
9	Gradualism	Biology	Various	NaN	Evolutionary changes occur slowly over time.
10	Horizontal Gene Transfer	Biology	Various	1960s	Transfer of genetic material between organisms.
11	Evolutionary Developmental Biology	Biology	Various	1980s	Study of the relationship between evolution and development.
12	Convergent Evolution	Biology	Various	NaN	Independent evolution of similar traits.
13	Divergent Evolution	Biology	Various	NaN	Differentiation of a species into different forms.
14	Coevolution	Biology	Various	NaN	Two or more species influence each other's evolution.
15	Genetic Drift	Biology	Various	1900s	Random changes in allele frequencies.
16	Founder Effect	Biology	Various	NaN	Reduced genetic diversity from a small population.
17	Bottleneck Effect	Biology	Various	NaN	Reduction in genetic diversity due to a catastrophic event.
18	Mimicry	Biology	Various	NaN	Similarity of one organism to another which enhances fitness.
19	Sexual Selection	Biology	Charles Darwin	1871	Natural selection arising through preference for certain characteristics.
20	Recapitulation Theory	Biology	Ernst Haeckel	1866	Development of the individual organism resembles the evolution of the species.
21	Biogeography	Biology	Alfred Wegener	1915	Study of the geographic distribution of species.
22	Niche Construction	Biology	NaN	NaN	Organisms shaping their own ecological niches.
23	Ecological Genetics	Biology	Various	1940s	Effects of natural selection at the genetic level.
24	Molecular Evolution	Biology	Various	1960s	Evolutionary changes at the molecular level.
25	Paleobiology	Biology	Various	NaN	Study of the history of life on Earth through fossils.
26	Evolutionary Psychology	Psychology	Various	1990s	Exploring the evolution of human behavior.
27	Cultural Evolution	Anthropology	Various	NaN	Evolution of cultures and societies.
28	Phenotypic Plasticity	Biology	NaN	NaN	The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to environmental conditions.
29	Nuclear Inclusion Theory	Biology	Various	NaN	The significance of nuclear genome in evolution.
30	Kettlewell's Moths	Biology	Bernard Kettlewell	1950s	Study illustrating natural selection in moth coloration.
31	Genome-environment Interactions	Biology	NaN	NaN	How genetic and environmental factors interact in evolution.
32	Evo-Devo	Biology	Various	NaN	Interdisciplinary field integrating evolution and developmental biology.
33	Taxonomy	Biology	Carl Linnaeus	1735	Classification of organisms and evolutionary relationships.
34	Phylogenetics	Biology	Various	NaN	Study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities.
35	Heterochrony	Biology	Various	NaN	Evolutionary change in the timing of development.
36	Extinction Events	Biology	Various	NaN	Mass extinctions leading to significant evolutionary changes.
37	Vestigial Structures	Biology	NaN	NaN	Structures that have lost most or all of their original function.
38	Fossil Records	Geology	Various	NaN	Information about past life forms and their evolution.
39	Morphological Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Changes in the structure and form of organisms.
40	Genomic Selection	Biology	Various	2000s	Using genome-wide markers for selective breeding.
41	Transgenics	Biology	Various	1970s	Genetic engineering involving the transfer of genes between organisms.
42	Climate Change Impact	Biology	Various	NaN	Influence of climate change on species evolution.
43	Phenomena of Mimicry	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptive advantage of resembling other species.
44	Genome Sequencing	Biology	Various	1990s	Determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome.
45	Disruptive Selection	Biology	NaN	NaN	Favors extreme phenotypes over intermediate phenotypes.
46	Stabilizing Selection	Biology	NaN	NaN	Favors average phenotypes over extreme phenotypes.
47	Directional Selection	Biology	NaN	NaN	Favors one extreme phenotype in a given environment.
48	Sexual Dimorphism	Biology	NaN	NaN	Differences in appearance between males and females of the same species.
49	Cetacean Evolution	Biology	Various	NaN	Evolution of whales and dolphins from land-dwelling mammals.
50	Plant Evolution	Biology	Various	NaN	Evolution of plants from simple forms to complex structures.
51	Cichlid Fish Diversity	Biology	NaN	NaN	Rapid diversification of cichlid fish in African lakes.
52	Antibiotic Resistance	Biology	Various	NaN	Evolution of bacteria to resist treatment through antibiotics.
53	Circadian Rhythms in Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary significance of circadian cycles in organisms.
54	Cranial Evolution in Hominins	Biology	Various	NaN	Changes in brain size and shape in human evolution.
55	Evolution of Wings in Insects	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary adaptations leading to the development of wings.
56	Evolution of Color Vision	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptive significance of color vision in primates.
57	Social Behavior Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	How social behaviors have evolved in different species.
58	Symbiotic Relationships	Biology	NaN	NaN	Interdependent relationships between different species.
59	Fish Speciation in Coral Reefs	Biology	NaN	NaN	High diversity and speciation rates observed in coral reef fish.
60	Agile Predator Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations in speed and agility in predatory species.
61	Neoteny in Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Retention of juvenile features in adults.
62	Evolution of Flight	Biology	Various	NaN	How different species have developed the ability to fly.
63	Evolution of Lungs	Biology	NaN	NaN	Transition from water breathing to air breathing in vertebrates.
64	Coloration in Animals	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of coloration for camouflage and signaling.
65	Cooperative Breeding	Biology	NaN	NaN	Social arrangement where individuals help raise offspring.
66	Evolution of Social Structures	Biology	NaN	NaN	Development of complex social systems in certain species.
67	Learning and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	How learning behaviors have evolved in species.
68	Viral Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Viruses evolving to evade host defenses.
69	Evolutionary Medicine	Medicine	Various	NaN	Application of evolutionary theory to understand health and disease.
70	Fermentation in Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of biochemical pathways involved in fermentation.
71	Crypsis	Biology	NaN	NaN	Ability of an organism to avoid detection by predators.
72	Reproductive Isolation	Biology	NaN	NaN	Mechanisms preventing species from interbreeding.
73	Habitat Fragmentation Effects	Biology	NaN	NaN	Impact of habitat division on species evolution.
74	Sympatric Speciation	Biology	NaN	NaN	Speciation that occurs without physical separation.
75	Allopatric Speciation	Biology	NaN	NaN	Speciation that occurs due to geographic isolation.
76	Polyploidy in Plants	Biology	NaN	NaN	Condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes.
77	Host-parasite Coevolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	How hosts and parasites influence each other's evolution.
78	Biochemical Cycles	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of biochemical pathways and cycles.
79	Respiratory System Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Development of respiratory systems in vertebrates.
80	Evolutionary Ecology	Biology	NaN	NaN	Study of the interactions between evolution and ecology.
81	Warming Oceans and Coral Reefs	Biology	NaN	NaN	Impact of climate change on coral ecosystems.
82	Pollinator Adaptations	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of traits to attract pollinators.
83	Vascular Plant Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	How plants developed vascular systems.
84	Land Mammal Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Changes in land mammals over evolutionary time.
85	Evolution of Mimic Octopus	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations for mimicry in the Mimic Octopus.
86	Reproductive Strategies	Biology	NaN	NaN	Various strategies species use to reproduce.
87	Social Insects Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of social behavior in insects like ants and bees.
88	Freshwater Fish Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Diversity and adaptations in freshwater fish.
89	Arthropod Exoskeleton Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Development of hard outer coverings in arthropods.
90	Evolution of Nerve Cells	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations leading to complex nervous systems.
91	Evolution of Immunity	Biology	NaN	NaN	Changes in immune responses through evolution.
92	Camouflage in Nature	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptive coloration and patterns for concealment.
93	Thermoregulation Evolutions	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations for temperature regulation in animals.
94	Venom Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of venom in predator and prey interactions.
95	Intelligence Evolution in Animals	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of cognitive functions in different species.
96	Evolution of Antlers and Horns	Biology	NaN	NaN	Development of ornamental traits in males.
97	Ecosystem Engineers	Biology	NaN	NaN	Species that create or modify habitats.
98	Brain Evolution in Vertebrates	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptive changes in brain size and structure.
99	Saltwater Fish Adaptations	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary responses to life in saline environments.
100	Coral Symbiosis	Biology	NaN	NaN	Interactive relationships between corals and their symbionts.
101	Bipedalism in Hominins	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of walking on two legs in human ancestors.
102	Mammalian Divergence	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary splits among mammalian lineages.
103	Pheromones in Animal Communication	Biology	NaN	NaN	Chemical signals used for communication and mating.
104	Invasive Species Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations of species that invade new territories.
105	Fungal Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of fungi and their ecological roles.
106	Seed Dispersal Mechanisms	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of adaptations for seed spread.
107	Genome Duplication Events	Biology	NaN	NaN	The impact of genome duplication on plant evolution.
108	Parasite Manipulation of Hosts	Biology	NaN	NaN	Influence of parasites on host behavior for transmission.
109	Race and Genetics	Biology	NaN	NaN	Study of genetic differences across human populations.
110	Microbial Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution and adaptability of microbes.
111	Cultural Transmission of Traits	Biology	NaN	NaN	How learned behaviors are passed in cultures.
112	Natural Selection in Action	Biology	NaN	NaN	Examples of natural selection observed in real-time.
113	Climate Adaptation in Species	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary changes to adapt to new climates.
114	Behavioral Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Changes in behavior driven by evolutionary pressures.
115	Hybrid Vigor in Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Enhanced biological qualities in hybrid organisms.
116	Evolution of Digestive Systems	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations in digestive tract structures across species.
117	Aging and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	The evolutionary perspective on the aging process.
118	Bioluminescence in Organisms	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary significance of light production in species.
119	Arctic and Antarctic Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	How species have adapted to extreme cold environments.
120	Nutrition and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary impacts of diet on species.
121	Evolution of Teeth in Vertebrates	Biology	NaN	NaN	Changes in dental structures throughout evolution.
122	Animal Migration Patterns	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary basis for migratory behaviors in species.
123	Polygenic Traits	Biology	NaN	NaN	Traits influenced by multiple genes and their evolution.
124	Structural Adaptations in Cacti	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary adjustments for survival in arid environments.
125	Evolution of Succulent Plants	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations that allow plants to conserve water.
126	Dinosaur Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary history and diversity of dinosaurs.
127	Primates and Their Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary origins and adaptations of primates.
128	Freshwater Ecosystem Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Changes in freshwater habitats and species.
129	Insect Evolution and Adaptation	Biology	NaN	NaN	How insects evolved diverse forms and functions.
130	Aquatic Mammals Adaptations	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary changes to thrive in water.
131	Evolution of Terrestrial Plants	Biology	NaN	NaN	Transformation of plants from aquatic to land habitats.
132	Microbiome and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Influence of microbiomes on host evolution.
133	Mollusks and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Diversity and adaptations in mollusks.
134	Evolution of Fish Gills	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations leading to the development of gills in fish.
135	Reptile Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary history and diversity of reptiles.
136	Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction	Biology	Various	66 million years ago	Mass extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs.
137	Evolution of Human Speech	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary adaptations leading to complex language.
138	Evolution of Agriculture	Anthropology	Humans	Approximately 10,000 years ago	Development of agriculture and its impact on society.
139	Evolutionary Fisheries Management	Biology	Various	NaN	Applying evolutionary theory to fisheries management.
140	Evolution of Vision Systems	Biology	NaN	NaN	Innovations in the eye and vision over time.
141	Genetic Basis of Adaptation	Biology	NaN	NaN	Understanding how genetic variations lead to successful adaptations.
142	Marine Mammal Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary history of marine mammals from land ancestors.
143	Phenotypic Divergence	Biology	NaN	NaN	Variation in physical traits due to different evolutionary pressures.
144	Genetic Engineering and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	The role of biotechnology in shaping evolutionary processes.
145	Evolution of Parental Care	Biology	NaN	NaN	Impact of parental strategies on species survival.
146	Extinct Species Insights	Biology	NaN	NaN	What extinct species reveal about evolution.
147	Evolutionary Constraints	Biology	NaN	NaN	Limitations on the direction of evolutionary change.
148	Insect Social Structure Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary changes in social insects.
149	Sexual Selection and Ornamentation	Biology	NaN	NaN	Impact of mate selection on physical traits.
150	Animal Communication Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Diversity of communication methods in the animal kingdom.
151	Molecular Fossils	Biology	NaN	NaN	Indicators of ancient biological processes.
152	Patterns of Speciation	Biology	NaN	NaN	Common patterns observed in the formation of new species.
153	Evolution of Cooperation	Biology	NaN	NaN	How cooperative behaviors evolved in species.
154	Organisms' Response to Environmental Change	Biology	NaN	NaN	Studying how species evolve in changing environments.
155	Insect Resistance to Pesticides	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary responses to chemical controls.
156	Ecosystem Resilience and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	How ecosystems adaptively recover through evolutionary processes.
157	Hominin Evolution and Tools	Biology	NaN	NaN	Development of tools and its impact on human evolution.
158	Evolution of Male Female Differences	Biology	NaN	NaN	Understanding sexual dimorphism in evolutionary terms.
159	Population Genetics and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Studying genetic composition and evolutionary patterns in populations.
160	Reproductive Evolution in Plants	Biology	NaN	NaN	Changes in reproductive strategies through time.
161	Diversity of Primate Species	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution and diversification of primate lineages.
162	Evolution of Metabolism	Biology	NaN	NaN	How metabolic processes evolved in living organisms.
163	Evolution of Ecosystems	Biology	NaN	NaN	Dynamic changes in ecosystems throughout history.
164	Climate Influence on Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Effects of historical climate changes on evolutionary paths.
165	Floral Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations in flowering plants for reproduction.
166	Evolution of Altruism	Biology	NaN	NaN	How selfless behaviors have evolved in species.
167	Cryptic Coloration in Animals	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptation for camouflage and avoiding predators.
168	Evolutionary Traits of Carnivores	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adapting to the diet of meat-eating species.
169	Evolution of Body Size	Biology	NaN	NaN	Trends towards increasing or decreasing body sizes.
170	Chemosynthesis and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of energy production in extreme environments.
171	Evolutionary Innovations in Flight	Biology	NaN	NaN	Examples of successful adaptations for flying.
172	Neural Evolution in Species	Biology	NaN	NaN	Development and complexity of nervous systems in organisms.
173	Color Variations in Animals	Biology	NaN	NaN	How color changes influence survival and reproduction.
174	Evolution of Plant Defense Mechanisms	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations plants developed to deter herbivory.
175	Paleoecology Studies	Biology	NaN	NaN	Understanding past ecosystems through fossils.
176	Evolution of Flightless Birds	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations leading to the loss of flight.
177	Evolutionary Roots of Human Behavior	Biology	NaN	NaN	How evolution has shaped human psychology and behavior.
178	Evolution of Invertebrate Respiratory Systems	Biology	NaN	NaN	Adaptations for breathing in various invertebrates.
179	Social Behavior Evolution in Primates	Biology	NaN	NaN	How social systems have evolved among primates.
180	Impact of Invasive Species on Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Effects of non-native species on local ecosystems and evolution.
181	Evolution of Aquatic Photosynthesis	Biology	NaN	NaN	How photosynthetic organisms evolved in aquatic environments.
182	Echolocation in Bat Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Development of echolocation abilities in bats.
183	Evolution of Mimetic Relationships	Biology	NaN	NaN	How mimicry influences evolutionary relationships.
184	Diversity of Extremophiles	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution of organisms living in extreme environments.
185	Evolution of Complex Eye Structures	Biology	NaN	NaN	How eyes have evolved complexity over time.
186	Evolutionary Implications of Migration	Biology	NaN	NaN	How migration patterns drive evolutionary changes.
187	Climate Adaptation in Agriculture	Agriculture	NaN	NaN	Crop evolution in response to climate challenges.
188	Genetic Variability in Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Role of genetic variation in species adaptability.
189	Evolution of Defenses in Prey Species	Biology	NaN	NaN	How prey species develop defenses against predation.
190	Evolutionary History of Birds	Biology	NaN	NaN	Tracing the evolutionary paths leading to modern birds.
191	Understanding Evolution Through Fossils	Biology	NaN	NaN	How fossils provide insights into evolutionary processes.
192	Microbial Diversity and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolution and significance of microbial diversity.
193	Evolution of Symbiotic Relationships in Fish	Biology	NaN	NaN	Interactions between fish and their symbiotic partners.
194	Pollinator Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	How pollinators have evolved alongside flowering plants.
195	Sexual Selection in Birds	Biology	NaN	NaN	Impact of mating preferences on bird evolution.
196	Evolutionary Bioinformatics	Biology	NaN	NaN	Use of bioinformatics tools in evolutionary studies.
197	Marine Life and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary history of marine organisms.
198	Plant Responses to Herbivory	Biology	NaN	NaN	Evolutionary adaptations of plants to avoid being eaten.
199	Embryonic Development and Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Influence of embryology on evolutionary changes.
200	Genetic Polymorphism in Evolution	Biology	NaN	NaN	Role of genetic diversity in evolutionary processes.