- Country: United States Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Used for most elections, single-member districts. - Country: United Kingdom Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy Notes: Used for House of Commons elections. - Country: Canada Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Used for federal and provincial elections. - Country: Germany Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Combines FPTP and proportional representation. - Country: Australia Electoral System: Preferential Voting Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Voters rank candidates in order of preference. - Country: New Zealand Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: 'Allows voters to cast two votes: for a party and a candidate.' - Country: Sweden Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Uses a list system for parliamentary elections. - Country: Norway Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy Notes: Party-list proportional representation. - Country: Finland Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: D'Hondt method for allocating seats. - Country: France Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Semi-Presidential Republic Notes: Majority required in the first round; if not, a second round is held. - Country: Italy Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Combination of FPTP and proportional representation. - Country: Brazil Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Party-list proportional representation with an open list. - Country: India Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Used for Lok Sabha (House of the People) elections. - Country: Japan Electoral System: Mixed-Member Electoral System Type of Government: Unitary Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Combination of single-member districts and proportional representation. - Country: South Africa Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Closed party lists; no single-member districts. - Country: Argentina Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Open list system for legislative elections. - Country: Spain Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Monarchy Notes: D'Hondt method used for allocating seats. - Country: Israel Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Single national list; no electoral threshold. - Country: Mexico Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Combination of FPTP and proportional representation. - Country: Russia Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System Type of Government: Federal Semi-Presidential Republic Notes: Combination of plurality and proportional representation. - Country: South Korea Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Combination of FPTP and proportional representation. - Country: Netherlands Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy Notes: Open list system for parties. - Country: Chile Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Combination of proportional representation and majority systems. - Country: Colombia Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Combination of FPTP for some seats and proportional representation for others. - Country: Philippines Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Unitary Presidential Republic Notes: FPTP for the House of Representatives with some party-list representation. - Country: Pakistan Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Federal Parliamentary Republic Notes: Used for National Assembly elections. - Country: Bangladesh Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Unitary Parliamentary Republic Notes: Used for Jatiya Sangsad elections. - Country: Nigeria Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Federal Presidential Republic Notes: Used for Presidential and National Assembly elections. - Country: Turkey Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Threshold of 7% for parties to enter parliament. - Country: Indonesia Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Closed list proportional representation. - Country: Malaysia Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Federal Constitutional Monarchy Notes: Used for parliamentary elections. - Country: Vietnam Electoral System: Single-Party System Type of Government: Socialist Republic Notes: Elections held under a single party. - Country: Singapore Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Elections conducted every five years. - Country: Taiwan Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Democratic Republic Notes: Combination of FPTP and proportional representation. - Country: Thailand Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy Notes: Hybrid of direct elections and party-list representation. - Country: Ukraine Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System Type of Government: Unitary Parliamentary Republic Notes: FPTP and proportional representation with a 5% threshold. - Country: Morocco Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy Notes: Party-list system with proportional representation. - Country: Kuwait Electoral System: Plurality Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy Notes: Elected parliament with limited powers. - Country: Qatar Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy Notes: Limited elections; advisory council only. - Country: Saudi Arabia Electoral System: No Elections Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy Notes: No national elections; limited municipal elections. - Country: UAE Electoral System: No Elections Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy Notes: Limited elections for half of the advisory council. - Country: Angola Electoral System: Majority Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Majority elections for Presidential elections. - Country: Cuba Electoral System: Single Party System Type of Government: Socialist Republic Notes: National Assembly elected indirectly. - Country: Zimbabwe Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: FPTP for House of Assembly, proportional representation for Senate. - Country: South Sudan Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Elections held post-independence. - Country: Sri Lanka Electoral System: Preferential Voting Type of Government: Unitary Semi-Presidential Republic Notes: Voters rank candidates; mixed electoral system. - Country: Malawi Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Unitary Presidential Republic Notes: Used for parliamentary elections. - Country: Germany Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Allows for both direct and proportional representation. - Country: Taiwan Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Democratic Republic Notes: Combination of District and At-Large voting. - Country: Estonia Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Uses an open list system. - Country: Slovenia Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: D'Hondt method with multi-member districts. - Country: Luxembourg Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Grand Duchy Notes: Uses party lists for parliamentary elections. - Country: Cyprus Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Multimember districts and D'Hondt method. - Country: Belgium Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Federal Monarchy Notes: Complex multi-layered system with various regional parliaments. - Country: Portugal Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Party lists, with the assembly elected for four-year terms. - Country: Ireland Electoral System: Single Transferable Vote Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Proportional representation through ranked voting. - Country: Scotland Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Hybrid system for Scottish Parliament elections. - Country: Wales Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Uses additional member system for Senedd. - Country: New Zealand Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: 'Voters have two votes: one for a party, one for a candidate.' - Country: Denmark Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy Notes: Party-list proportional representation. - Country: Switzerland Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Uses both proportional and majoritarian systems. - Country: Austria Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Party list voting with a 4% threshold. - Country: Georgia Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Combination of FPTP and proportional representation. - Country: Armenia Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Uses a 5% threshold for party representation. - Country: Montenegro Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Closed list proportional representation. - Country: Kosovo Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Requires parties to get at least 5% to enter the Assembly. - Country: Serbia Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Multi-member district system with a 5% threshold. - Country: Latvia Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Party-list system with a 5% threshold. - Country: Lithuania Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Proportional representation through multi-member districts. - Country: Estonia Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Uses an open list system. - Country: Finland Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Electoral Districts have varying sizes. - Country: Iceland Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: "Uses a modified Sainte-Lagu\xEB method." - Country: Slovakia Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Closed list proportional representation. - Country: Behaviors Electoral System: Electoral System Type of Government: Type of Electoral Participation Notes: Notes on Effectiveness - Country: Botswana Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Stable democracy with regular elections. - Country: Zambia Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Elections held after political changes in the region. - Country: Lesotho Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy Notes: Hybrid system to encourage proportionality. - Country: Madagascar Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Second round held if no candidate achieves majority. - Country: Timor-Leste Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Semi-Presidential Republic Notes: Open list proportional representation. - Country: Nauru Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Uses a form of the single transferable vote. - Country: Samoa Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Traditionally FPTP, facing reform discussions. - Country: Kyrgyzstan Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Combination of district and party-list voting. - Country: Vanuatu Electoral System: Preferential Voting Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Uses optional preferential voting for elected representatives. - Country: Fiji Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Reform of electoral system to enhance representation. - Country: Palau Electoral System: Modified Borda Count Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Localized system to enhance candidate preferences. - Country: Marshall Islands Electoral System: Modified Borda Count Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Voters rank candidates; unique electoral method. - Country: Nepal Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Federal Democratic Republic Notes: Newly reformed electoral system after civil war. - Country: Bhutan Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy Notes: Rapidly developing democracy. - Country: Aspera Electoral System: Distribution Type of Government: Type of Voter Engagement Notes: Notes on Effectiveness - Country: Eswatini (Swaziland) Electoral System: No Elections Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy Notes: Limited political participation; no national elections. - Country: South Sudan Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Struggling with governance and election logistics. - Country: Anguilla Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: British Overseas Territory Notes: Localized election system under UK governance. - Country: Bermuda Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: British Overseas Territory Notes: Elections regulated by the British government. - Country: Montserrat Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: British Overseas Territory Notes: Elections for Legislative Assembly. - Country: Saint Helena Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: British Overseas Territory Notes: Recent elections for governing council. - Country: Turks and Caicos Islands Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: British Overseas Territory Notes: Elections for House of Assembly. - Country: Falkland Islands Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: British Overseas Territory Notes: Legislative Council elections. - Country: Guernsey Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: British Crown Dependency Notes: Elections for the States of Guernsey. - Country: Jersey Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: British Crown Dependency Notes: Elections for the States Assembly. - Country: Isle of Man Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: British Crown Dependency Notes: Elections for the House of Keys. - Country: Pitcairn Islands Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: British Overseas Territory Notes: Electoral system for Island council elections. - Country: Christmas Island Electoral System: Optional Preferential Voting Type of Government: Australian External Territory Notes: Unique electoral participation method. - Country: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Electoral System: Optional Preferential Voting Type of Government: Australian External Territory Notes: Similar electoral system to Christmas Island. - Country: Puerto Rico Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System Type of Government: Unincorporated Territory of the U.S. Notes: Hybrid FPTP and proportional representation. - Country: Grenada Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Elections for the House of Representatives. - Country: Dominica Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Regular elections for Parliament under Westminster system. - Country: Saint Lucia Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Regular electoral cycles for national governance. - Country: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Elections every five years. - Country: Nepal Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Federal Democratic Republic Notes: Newly reformed electoral system after civil war. - Country: Democratic Republic of Congo Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System Type of Government: Semi-Presidential Republic Notes: Challenges with electoral violence and governance. - Country: Mali Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Semi-Presidential Republic Notes: Political challenges affecting electoral integrity. - Country: Central African Republic Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Struggles with governance and stability. - Country: Burundi Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Political tension affecting elections. - Country: Chad Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Access to governance highly contested. - Country: Zanzibar Electoral System: Multi-Party System Type of Government: Constitutional Democracy Notes: Electoral disputes among parties. - Country: Comoros Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Federal Islamic Republic Notes: Governance issues impacting electoral processes. - Country: Haiti Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: History of electoral disputes and governance challenges. - Country: Somalia Electoral System: Plurality Votes Type of Government: Federal Republic Notes: Electoral system faced with ongoing conflict. - Country: Papua New Guinea Electoral System: Optional Preferential Voting Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Unique voting methodology to prioritize preferences. - Country: Timor-Leste Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Semi-Presidential Republic Notes: Transitional electoral governance structures. - Country: Tajikistan Electoral System: Majoritarian System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Reports of low political pluralism. - Country: Uzbekistan Electoral System: Majoritarian System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Elections subject to strict government control. - Country: Palestine Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Semi-Presidential System Notes: Disputed electoral governance structure. - Country: Western Sahara Electoral System: No Elections Type of Government: Disputed Territory Notes: Lacks recognized governance systems. - Country: Mauritania Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Political turmoil affecting electoral processes. - Country: Equatorial Guinea Electoral System: No Elections Type of Government: Authoritarian State Notes: Limited electoral processes; political repression. - Country: Burkina Faso Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Struggles with political stability and governance. - Country: Lebanon Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic Notes: Sectarian-based electoral representation. - Country: Jordan Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy Notes: Candidates elected through complex electoral laws. - Country: United Arab Emirates Electoral System: No Elections Type of Government: Federal Absolute Monarchy Notes: Limited political participation. - Country: Brainstorming Electoral System: Electoral System Opportunities Type of Government: Potential Innovations Notes: Description of advancements in governance. - Country: Venezuela Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Contested elections amidst political crisis. - Country: Barbados Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Regular elections for the House of Assembly. - Country: Antigua and Barbuda Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Elections for the House of Representatives. - Country: Seychelles Electoral System: Proportional Representation Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Political dynamics with proportional representation. - Country: Belize Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy Notes: Regular elections for the National Assembly. - Country: Tanzania Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Political dynamics with historical challenges. - Country: Malawi Electoral System: First Past the Post Type of Government: Unitary Presidential Republic Notes: Electoral governance evolving with democratic processes. - Country: Zimbabwe Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System Type of Government: Presidential Republic Notes: Contested elections with calls for reform. - Country: Mayotte Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Overseas Department of France Notes: Elections conducted under French governance rules. - Country: Guadeloupe Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Overseas Department of France Notes: French electoral processes applied. - Country: Martinique Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Overseas Department of France Notes: Under French governance; elections held. - Country: "R\xE9union" Electoral System: Two-Round System Type of Government: Overseas Department of France Notes: Elections governed by French law. - Country: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Electoral System: No Elections Type of Government: Special Municipality of the Netherlands Notes: Governance by appointed officials. - Country: Curacao Electoral System: Parliamentary System Type of Government: Country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands Notes: Elections for the Parliament in a semi-autonomous context. - Country: Aruba Electoral System: Parliamentary System Type of Government: Country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands Notes: Local elections under Dutch law. - Country: Sint Maarten Electoral System: Parliamentary System Type of Government: Country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands Notes: Elections for the Parliament; semi-autonomous governance. - Country: Federal States Electoral System: Electoral System Type Type of Government: Governance Effectiveness Notes: Key observations on electoral systems. - Country: ASIA Electoral System: Electoral System Opportunities Type of Government: Potential Innovations Notes: Various proposals for clear governance.