- Country: United States
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Used for most elections, single-member districts.
- Country: United Kingdom
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
  Notes: Used for House of Commons elections.
- Country: Canada
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Used for federal and provincial elections.
- Country: Germany
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Combines FPTP and proportional representation.
- Country: Australia
  Electoral System: Preferential Voting
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Voters rank candidates in order of preference.
- Country: New Zealand
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: 'Allows voters to cast two votes: for a party and a candidate.'
- Country: Sweden
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Uses a list system for parliamentary elections.
- Country: Norway
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
  Notes: Party-list proportional representation.
- Country: Finland
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: D'Hondt method for allocating seats.
- Country: France
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Semi-Presidential Republic
  Notes: Majority required in the first round; if not, a second round is held.
- Country: Italy
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Combination of FPTP and proportional representation.
- Country: Brazil
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Party-list proportional representation with an open list.
- Country: India
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Used for Lok Sabha (House of the People) elections.
- Country: Japan
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Electoral System
  Type of Government: Unitary Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Combination of single-member districts and proportional representation.
- Country: South Africa
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Closed party lists; no single-member districts.
- Country: Argentina
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Open list system for legislative elections.
- Country: Spain
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Monarchy
  Notes: D'Hondt method used for allocating seats.
- Country: Israel
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Single national list; no electoral threshold.
- Country: Mexico
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Combination of FPTP and proportional representation.
- Country: Russia
  Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System
  Type of Government: Federal Semi-Presidential Republic
  Notes: Combination of plurality and proportional representation.
- Country: South Korea
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Combination of FPTP and proportional representation.
- Country: Netherlands
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
  Notes: Open list system for parties.
- Country: Chile
  Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Combination of proportional representation and majority systems.
- Country: Colombia
  Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Combination of FPTP for some seats and proportional representation for others.
- Country: Philippines
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Unitary Presidential Republic
  Notes: FPTP for the House of Representatives with some party-list representation.
- Country: Pakistan
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Federal Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Used for National Assembly elections.
- Country: Bangladesh
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Unitary Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Used for Jatiya Sangsad elections.
- Country: Nigeria
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Federal Presidential Republic
  Notes: Used for Presidential and National Assembly elections.
- Country: Turkey
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Threshold of 7% for parties to enter parliament.
- Country: Indonesia
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Closed list proportional representation.
- Country: Malaysia
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Federal Constitutional Monarchy
  Notes: Used for parliamentary elections.
- Country: Vietnam
  Electoral System: Single-Party System
  Type of Government: Socialist Republic
  Notes: Elections held under a single party.
- Country: Singapore
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Elections conducted every five years.
- Country: Taiwan
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Democratic Republic
  Notes: Combination of FPTP and proportional representation.
- Country: Thailand
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
  Notes: Hybrid of direct elections and party-list representation.
- Country: Ukraine
  Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System
  Type of Government: Unitary Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: FPTP and proportional representation with a 5% threshold.
- Country: Morocco
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
  Notes: Party-list system with proportional representation.
- Country: Kuwait
  Electoral System: Plurality
  Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
  Notes: Elected parliament with limited powers.
- Country: Qatar
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy
  Notes: Limited elections; advisory council only.
- Country: Saudi Arabia
  Electoral System: No Elections
  Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy
  Notes: No national elections; limited municipal elections.
- Country: UAE
  Electoral System: No Elections
  Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy
  Notes: Limited elections for half of the advisory council.
- Country: Angola
  Electoral System: Majority
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Majority elections for Presidential elections.
- Country: Cuba
  Electoral System: Single Party System
  Type of Government: Socialist Republic
  Notes: National Assembly elected indirectly.
- Country: Zimbabwe
  Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: FPTP for House of Assembly, proportional representation for Senate.
- Country: South Sudan
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Elections held post-independence.
- Country: Sri Lanka
  Electoral System: Preferential Voting
  Type of Government: Unitary Semi-Presidential Republic
  Notes: Voters rank candidates; mixed electoral system.
- Country: Malawi
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Unitary Presidential Republic
  Notes: Used for parliamentary elections.
- Country: Germany
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Allows for both direct and proportional representation.
- Country: Taiwan
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Democratic Republic
  Notes: Combination of District and At-Large voting.
- Country: Estonia
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Uses an open list system.
- Country: Slovenia
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: D'Hondt method with multi-member districts.
- Country: Luxembourg
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Grand Duchy
  Notes: Uses party lists for parliamentary elections.
- Country: Cyprus
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Multimember districts and D'Hondt method.
- Country: Belgium
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Federal Monarchy
  Notes: Complex multi-layered system with various regional parliaments.
- Country: Portugal
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Party lists, with the assembly elected for four-year terms.
- Country: Ireland
  Electoral System: Single Transferable Vote
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Proportional representation through ranked voting.
- Country: Scotland
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Hybrid system for Scottish Parliament elections.
- Country: Wales
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Uses additional member system for Senedd.
- Country: New Zealand
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: 'Voters have two votes: one for a party, one for a candidate.'
- Country: Denmark
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
  Notes: Party-list proportional representation.
- Country: Switzerland
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Uses both proportional and majoritarian systems.
- Country: Austria
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Party list voting with a 4% threshold.
- Country: Georgia
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Combination of FPTP and proportional representation.
- Country: Armenia
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Uses a 5% threshold for party representation.
- Country: Montenegro
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Closed list proportional representation.
- Country: Kosovo
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Requires parties to get at least 5% to enter the Assembly.
- Country: Serbia
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Multi-member district system with a 5% threshold.
- Country: Latvia
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Party-list system with a 5% threshold.
- Country: Lithuania
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Proportional representation through multi-member districts.
- Country: Estonia
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Uses an open list system.
- Country: Finland
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Electoral Districts have varying sizes.
- Country: Iceland
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: "Uses a modified Sainte-Lagu\xEB method."
- Country: Slovakia
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Closed list proportional representation.
- Country: Behaviors
  Electoral System: Electoral System
  Type of Government: Type of Electoral Participation
  Notes: Notes on Effectiveness
- Country: Botswana
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Stable democracy with regular elections.
- Country: Zambia
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Elections held after political changes in the region.
- Country: Lesotho
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy
  Notes: Hybrid system to encourage proportionality.
- Country: Madagascar
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Second round held if no candidate achieves majority.
- Country: Timor-Leste
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Semi-Presidential Republic
  Notes: Open list proportional representation.
- Country: Nauru
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Uses a form of the single transferable vote.
- Country: Samoa
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Traditionally FPTP, facing reform discussions.
- Country: Kyrgyzstan
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Combination of district and party-list voting.
- Country: Vanuatu
  Electoral System: Preferential Voting
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Uses optional preferential voting for elected representatives.
- Country: Fiji
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Reform of electoral system to enhance representation.
- Country: Palau
  Electoral System: Modified Borda Count
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Localized system to enhance candidate preferences.
- Country: Marshall Islands
  Electoral System: Modified Borda Count
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Voters rank candidates; unique electoral method.
- Country: Nepal
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Federal Democratic Republic
  Notes: Newly reformed electoral system after civil war.
- Country: Bhutan
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
  Notes: Rapidly developing democracy.
- Country: Aspera
  Electoral System: Distribution
  Type of Government: Type of Voter Engagement
  Notes: Notes on Effectiveness
- Country: Eswatini (Swaziland)
  Electoral System: No Elections
  Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy
  Notes: Limited political participation; no national elections.
- Country: South Sudan
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Struggling with governance and election logistics.
- Country: Anguilla
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: British Overseas Territory
  Notes: Localized election system under UK governance.
- Country: Bermuda
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: British Overseas Territory
  Notes: Elections regulated by the British government.
- Country: Montserrat
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: British Overseas Territory
  Notes: Elections for Legislative Assembly.
- Country: Saint Helena
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: British Overseas Territory
  Notes: Recent elections for governing council.
- Country: Turks and Caicos Islands
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: British Overseas Territory
  Notes: Elections for House of Assembly.
- Country: Falkland Islands
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: British Overseas Territory
  Notes: Legislative Council elections.
- Country: Guernsey
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: British Crown Dependency
  Notes: Elections for the States of Guernsey.
- Country: Jersey
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: British Crown Dependency
  Notes: Elections for the States Assembly.
- Country: Isle of Man
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: British Crown Dependency
  Notes: Elections for the House of Keys.
- Country: Pitcairn Islands
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: British Overseas Territory
  Notes: Electoral system for Island council elections.
- Country: Christmas Island
  Electoral System: Optional Preferential Voting
  Type of Government: Australian External Territory
  Notes: Unique electoral participation method.
- Country: Cocos (Keeling) Islands
  Electoral System: Optional Preferential Voting
  Type of Government: Australian External Territory
  Notes: Similar electoral system to Christmas Island.
- Country: Puerto Rico
  Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System
  Type of Government: Unincorporated Territory of the U.S.
  Notes: Hybrid FPTP and proportional representation.
- Country: Grenada
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Elections for the House of Representatives.
- Country: Dominica
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Regular elections for Parliament under Westminster system.
- Country: Saint Lucia
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Regular electoral cycles for national governance.
- Country: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Elections every five years.
- Country: Nepal
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Federal Democratic Republic
  Notes: Newly reformed electoral system after civil war.
- Country: Democratic Republic of Congo
  Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System
  Type of Government: Semi-Presidential Republic
  Notes: Challenges with electoral violence and governance.
- Country: Mali
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Semi-Presidential Republic
  Notes: Political challenges affecting electoral integrity.
- Country: Central African Republic
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Struggles with governance and stability.
- Country: Burundi
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Political tension affecting elections.
- Country: Chad
  Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Access to governance highly contested.
- Country: Zanzibar
  Electoral System: Multi-Party System
  Type of Government: Constitutional Democracy
  Notes: Electoral disputes among parties.
- Country: Comoros
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Federal Islamic Republic
  Notes: Governance issues impacting electoral processes.
- Country: Haiti
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: History of electoral disputes and governance challenges.
- Country: Somalia
  Electoral System: Plurality Votes
  Type of Government: Federal Republic
  Notes: Electoral system faced with ongoing conflict.
- Country: Papua New Guinea
  Electoral System: Optional Preferential Voting
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Unique voting methodology to prioritize preferences.
- Country: Timor-Leste
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Semi-Presidential Republic
  Notes: Transitional electoral governance structures.
- Country: Tajikistan
  Electoral System: Majoritarian System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Reports of low political pluralism.
- Country: Uzbekistan
  Electoral System: Majoritarian System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Elections subject to strict government control.
- Country: Palestine
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Semi-Presidential System
  Notes: Disputed electoral governance structure.
- Country: Western Sahara
  Electoral System: No Elections
  Type of Government: Disputed Territory
  Notes: Lacks recognized governance systems.
- Country: Mauritania
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Political turmoil affecting electoral processes.
- Country: Equatorial Guinea
  Electoral System: No Elections
  Type of Government: Authoritarian State
  Notes: Limited electoral processes; political repression.
- Country: Burkina Faso
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Struggles with political stability and governance.
- Country: Lebanon
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
  Notes: Sectarian-based electoral representation.
- Country: Jordan
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
  Notes: Candidates elected through complex electoral laws.
- Country: United Arab Emirates
  Electoral System: No Elections
  Type of Government: Federal Absolute Monarchy
  Notes: Limited political participation.
- Country: Brainstorming
  Electoral System: Electoral System Opportunities
  Type of Government: Potential Innovations
  Notes: Description of advancements in governance.
- Country: Venezuela
  Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Contested elections amidst political crisis.
- Country: Barbados
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Regular elections for the House of Assembly.
- Country: Antigua and Barbuda
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Elections for the House of Representatives.
- Country: Seychelles
  Electoral System: Proportional Representation
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Political dynamics with proportional representation.
- Country: Belize
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
  Notes: Regular elections for the National Assembly.
- Country: Tanzania
  Electoral System: Mixed-Member Proportional
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Political dynamics with historical challenges.
- Country: Malawi
  Electoral System: First Past the Post
  Type of Government: Unitary Presidential Republic
  Notes: Electoral governance evolving with democratic processes.
- Country: Zimbabwe
  Electoral System: Mixed Electoral System
  Type of Government: Presidential Republic
  Notes: Contested elections with calls for reform.
- Country: Mayotte
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Overseas Department of France
  Notes: Elections conducted under French governance rules.
- Country: Guadeloupe
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Overseas Department of France
  Notes: French electoral processes applied.
- Country: Martinique
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Overseas Department of France
  Notes: Under French governance; elections held.
- Country: "R\xE9union"
  Electoral System: Two-Round System
  Type of Government: Overseas Department of France
  Notes: Elections governed by French law.
- Country: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
  Electoral System: No Elections
  Type of Government: Special Municipality of the Netherlands
  Notes: Governance by appointed officials.
- Country: Curacao
  Electoral System: Parliamentary System
  Type of Government: Country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
  Notes: Elections for the Parliament in a semi-autonomous context.
- Country: Aruba
  Electoral System: Parliamentary System
  Type of Government: Country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
  Notes: Local elections under Dutch law.
- Country: Sint Maarten
  Electoral System: Parliamentary System
  Type of Government: Country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
  Notes: Elections for the Parliament; semi-autonomous governance.
- Country: Federal States
  Electoral System: Electoral System Type
  Type of Government: Governance Effectiveness
  Notes: Key observations on electoral systems.
- Country: ASIA
  Electoral System: Electoral System Opportunities
  Type of Government: Potential Innovations
  Notes: Various proposals for clear governance.