| Oldest Star |
Star |
Galactic Halo |
13.8 |
HE 1523-0901, second oldest star. |
| Galaxy Cluster |
Galaxy Cluster |
Abell 2744 |
4.6 |
Formed shortly after the Big Bang. |
| Cosmic Microwave Background |
Radiation |
Universe |
13.8 |
Relic radiation from the Big Bang. |
| White Dwarf |
Star |
Solar Neighborhood |
11.4 |
Remnant of a low to medium mass star. |
| Red Dwarf |
Star |
Everywhere in the Milky Way |
13.0 |
Most common type of star in the universe. |
| Black Hole |
Black Hole |
Milky Way Center |
13.0 |
Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole. |
| Quasar |
Galactic Nucleus |
Various galaxies |
12.7 |
Accretion disk around a supermassive black hole. |
| Type Ia Supernova |
Supernova |
Various |
5.0 |
Used as standard candles for measuring distances. |
| Neutron Star |
Star |
Various locations |
1.4 |
Remnant of a supernova explosion. |
| Pulsar |
Star |
Various |
1.0 |
Rapidly rotating neutron star emitting beams of radiation. |
| Globular Cluster |
Cluster |
Milky Way |
12.0 |
Dense collection of stars, very old. |
| Elliptical Galaxy |
Galaxy |
Virgo Cluster |
10.2 |
Common form of galaxy in the universe. |
| Spiral Galaxy |
Galaxy |
Andromeda |
10.0 |
Our nearest spiral galaxy neighbor. |
| Protoplanetary Disk |
Disk |
Orion Nebula |
0.01 |
Where planets form around stars. |
| Stellar Nursery |
Region |
Orion Nebula |
0.01 |
Location where new stars are born. |
| Galactic Halo |
Region |
Milky Way |
13.8 |
Spherical area surrounding the galaxy. |
| Dark Matter Halo |
Structure |
The Universe |
13.8 |
Composed of dark matter affecting galaxy formation. |
| Luminous Red Galaxy |
Galaxy |
Cosmic High Noon |
10.0 |
Very active star-forming galaxies in the past. |
| Massive Galaxy Formation |
Galaxy |
Various locations |
8.0 |
Galaxy mergers leading to massive galactic structures. |
| Hubble Deep Field |
Image |
Universe |
13.0 |
Provides deep field views of distant galaxies. |
| Starburst Galaxy |
Galaxy |
Various |
5.0 |
Galaxies experiencing intense star formation. |
| Superbubble |
Region |
Various Nebulae |
0.01 |
Large cavities blown by successive supernovae. |
| Galaxy Merge |
Event |
Various |
5.0 |
Occurs when galaxies collide and merge. |
| Chemical Signature |
Element |
Universe |
4.5 |
Elements formed during nucleosynthesis in stars. |
| Cosmic Void |
Region |
Universe |
13.8 |
Large empty spaces between matter. |
| Solar System Formation |
Event |
Solar Neighborhood |
4.6 |
Process of formation of the solar system. |
| Cosmic Filament |
Structure |
Universe |
13.8 |
Large-scale structures in the universe. |
| Extreme Mass Ratio Inspiral |
Event |
Nearby Galaxies |
12.0 |
Binary system of black holes merging. |
| First Stars |
Star |
Universe |
13.5 |
Population III stars formed in the dark ages. |
| Star Cluster |
Cluster |
Milky Way |
11.0 |
Group of stars formed together. |
| Gamma Ray Burst |
Event |
Various |
7.0 |
Powerful explosions in distant galaxies. |
| Exoplanets |
Planet |
Various Systems |
0.001 |
Planets outside our solar system. |
| Gravitational Lensing |
Phenomenon |
Universe |
13.0 |
Effect of mass bending light from distant objects. |
| Spectroscopy Data |
Data Type |
Astrophysics |
5.0 |
Used to identify the composition of distant stars. |
| Helium Flash |
Event |
Star |
1.0 |
Rapid helium fusion in red giants. |
| Bubble Nebula |
Nebula |
Galactic Neighborhood |
0.01 |
Created by a massive star's stellar winds. |
| Kilonova |
Event |
Universe |
10.0 |
Explosion from merging neutron stars. |
| Metallicity Measurement |
Data Type |
Star |
4.0 |
Determine abundance of elements in a star. |
| Redshift Calculation |
Data Type |
Universe |
13.0 |
Measurement of how light stretches over vast distances. |
| Baryonic Acoustic Oscillation |
Phenomenon |
Universe |
13.0 |
Sound waves in the early universe, creating density peaks. |
| Primordial Nucleosynthesis |
Process |
Universe |
4.5 |
Formation of light elements shortly after the Big Bang. |
| Age of the Universe |
Measurement |
Universe |
13.8 |
Estimated through multiple astronomical data. |
| Observational Data |
Data Type |
Various |
5.0 |
Data collected using telescopes and instruments. |
| Deep Field Imaging |
Technique |
Universe |
10.0 |
Capturing images of distant galaxies. |
| Planetary Nebula |
Nebula |
Various |
1.0 |
Shell of gas ejected from dying stars. |
| Fossil Galaxies |
Galaxy |
Universe |
12.0 |
Galaxies that are remnants of early universe structures. |
| Cosmic Chronometer |
Phenomenon |
Universe |
10.0 |
Using cosmic events to measure time in the universe. |
| Stellar Parallax |
Measurement |
Solar Neighborhood |
0.01 |
Used to determine distances to nearby stars. |
| Cosmic Distance Ladder |
Method |
Universe |
5.0 |
Technique using various methods to measure astronomical distances. |
| Cosmic Ray |
Radiation |
Universe |
1.0 |
High-energy particles from outer space. |
| Large Scale Structure |
Structure |
Universe |
10.0 |
Distribution of galaxies in the universe. |
| Tidal Disruption Event |
Event |
Nearby Galaxies |
8.0 |
When a star is disrupted by a black hole's gravity. |
| Red Supergiant |
Star |
Orion Constellation |
10.0 |
Massive star stage before supernova. |
| Black Hole Merger |
Event |
Universe |
12.0 |
Merging of two black holes. |
| Active Galactic Nucleus |
Nucleus |
Various |
7.0 |
Central region of a galaxy with active emissions. |
| Blinking Quasar |
Active Galactic Nucleus |
Universe |
7.0 |
Object that changes brightness rapidly. |
| Filament Galaxy |
Galaxy |
Universe |
9.0 |
Galaxies along cosmic filaments. |
| Centaurus A |
Galaxy |
Centaurus |
10.0 |
Near one of the Milky Way's neighbors. |
| Messier Object |
Object |
Various |
1.0 |
Cataloged astronomical objects. |
| 2MASS Galaxy Survey |
Survey |
Universe |
7.0 |
Survey of nearby galaxies in infrared. |
| Galactic Merger |
Event |
Universe |
5.0 |
Merging event between galaxies. |
| Interstellar Medium |
Medium |
Galaxy |
10.0 |
Matter exists between stars in a galaxy. |
| Oort Cloud |
Structure |
Solar System |
4.6 |
Hypothetical cloud of icy bodies at the solar system's edge. |
| Kuiper Belt |
Structure |
Solar System |
4.6 |
Region of icy bodies beyond Neptune. |
| Solar Flare |
Event |
Sun |
0.001 |
Burst of energy from the sun. |
| Stellar Wind |
Phenomenon |
Star |
10.0 |
Stream of charged particles released from stars. |
| Deep Sky Object |
Object |
Universe |
5.0 |
Any astronomical object outside of our solar system. |
| Newton's Law of Gravitation |
Law |
Physics |
3.0 |
Describes gravitational attraction between objects. |
| Einstein's General Relativity |
Theory |
Physics |
3.0 |
Theory of gravitation describing spacetime curvature. |
| Vacuum Energy |
Energy |
Universe |
13.0 |
Energy density of empty space in quantum field. |
| Cosmic Inflation |
Theory |
Universe |
13.0 |
Rapid expansion of the universe after the Big Bang. |
| Great Attractor |
Structure |
Universe |
2.0 |
Gravitational anomaly affecting galaxies. |
| Dark Energy |
Energy |
Universe |
13.8 |
Account for accelerated expansion of the universe. |
| Solar Nebula |
Nebula |
Solar System |
4.6 |
Cloud of gas and dust from which the solar system formed. |
| Accretion Disk |
Disk |
Black Holes |
1.0 |
Material accumulating around a massive body. |
| Isolated Neutron Star |
Star |
Universe |
1.0 |
Neutron star not in a binary system. |
| Hubble's Law |
Law |
Universe |
1.0 |
Indicates that galaxies are moving away from us. |
| Gamma-ray Burst |
Event |
Universe |
12.0 |
Extremely energetic explosion in distant galaxies. |
| Alma Cluster |
Galaxy Cluster |
Universe |
5.0 |
Largest cluster of galaxies known. |
| Nearby Supernova |
Supernova |
Local Group |
1.0 |
Recent supernova occurrence in a galaxy. |
| Type II Supernova |
Supernova |
Various |
4.0 |
Result of a massive star's collapse. |
| Radio Galaxy |
Galaxy |
Universe |
3.0 |
Galaxies that emit strong radio waves. |
| Magellanic Clouds |
Galaxy |
Local Group |
1.5 |
Two irregular dwarf galaxies near the Milky Way. |
| Great Wall |
Structure |
Universe |
5.0 |
Large-scale structure of galaxies forming walls. |
| Hypernova |
Supernova |
Various |
1.0 |
Very energetic explosion of a massive star. |
| Planetary System |
System |
Solar System |
4.6 |
Planetary bodies orbiting a star. |
| Tectonic Planet |
Planet |
Various |
1.0 |
Planets with geological activity. |
| Redshift Survey |
Survey |
Universe |
5.0 |
Mapping redshifts of galaxies. |
| Sedimentary Fossil |
Fossil |
Earth |
0.01 |
Fossils of ancient organisms preserved in sediment. |
| Evolutionary Record |
Record |
Earth |
0.5 |
Historical record of life forms on Earth. |
| Galactic Year |
Time Frame |
Milky Way |
0.25 |
The time taken for the Sun to orbit the Milky Way. |
| Velocity Dispersion |
Measurement |
Galaxy Cluster |
5.0 |
Speed variation of galaxies in clusters. |
| Recombination Era |
Era |
Universe |
0.38 |
Formation of neutral hydrogen after the Big Bang. |
| Cosmic Calendar |
Concept |
Universe |
13.8 |
Illustration of the universe's history in a year. |
| Particle Horizon |
Concept |
Universe |
13.8 |
Boundary of observable universe. |
| Thick Disk |
Structure |
Milky Way |
10.0 |
Layer of stars in the Milky Way galaxy. |
| Thin Disk |
Structure |
Milky Way |
10.0 |
Region of stars in the Milky Way, including the solar system. |
| Trans-Neptunian Object |
Object |
Solar System |
4.6 |
Objects located beyond Neptune. |
| Primordial Black Hole |
Black Hole |
Universe |
13.8 |
Black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. |
| Standard Candle |
Measurement |
Universe |
1.0 |
Astronomical object with known luminosity. |
| Superclusters |
Structure |
Universe |
5.0 |
Group of galaxies clustered together. |
| Near Earth Asteroid |
Object |
Solar System |
0.01 |
Asteroids whose orbits bring them close to Earth. |
| Mass Extinction Event |
Event |
Earth |
0.5 |
Events causing massive loss of species. |
| Escape Velocity |
Measurement |
Planet |
0.01 |
Minimum velocity needed to escape a celestial body's gravity. |
| Sky Survey |
Survey |
Universe |
5.0 |
Systematic observation of celestial objects. |
| Hypervelocity Star |
Star |
Universe |
1.0 |
Stars with extreme speeds moving through the universe. |
| Redshift,Measurement |
Universe,5.0 |
Indicates how fast galaxies are receding. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Space-time,Concept |
Physics,5.0 |
Merged physics of space and time. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Galactic Cores,Region |
Various,5.0 |
Gravity wells at the center of galaxies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Observable Universe,Region |
Universe,10.0 |
Part of the universe we can currently observe. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Exotic Matter,Matter |
Theory,10.0 |
Hypothetical form of matter that violates known laws. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Inflationary Epoch,Era |
Universe,5.0 |
Period of rapid expansion after the Big Bang. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Cluster of Galaxies,Structure |
Universe,10.0 |
Groups of galaxies held together by gravity. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Cold Dark Matter,Matter |
Universe,10.0 |
Matter density that influences galaxy formation. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Warm Dark Matter,Matter |
Universe,10.0 |
Hypothetical dark matter with different properties. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Star Formation Rate,Measurement |
Universe,5.0 |
Rate at which stars are formed in the universe. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Extra-Galactic Objects |
Object |
Universe |
1.0 |
Objects located outside of our galaxy. |
| Cosmic Background Radiation,Radiation |
Universe,13.8 |
Remnant radiation from the Big Bang. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Quintessence,Concept |
Cosmology,7.0 |
Hypothetical form of dark energy. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Sunspot Cycle,Cycle |
Sun |
0.1,Variation in sunspot activity over time." |
NaN |
NaN |
| Galactic Archeology,Study |
Cosmology,0.5 |
Study of the history of galaxies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Elemental Abundances,Data |
Universe,0.1 |
Distribution of elements in the universe. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Cosmic Event Horizon,Boundary |
Universe,13.8 |
Limit beyond which events cannot affect an observer. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Great Attractor,Cosmic Structure |
Universe,5.0 |
Gravitational anomaly influencing galaxies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Metagalaxy,Structure |
Universe,10.0 |
Large-scale structure including many galaxies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Fossilized Light,Measurement |
Universe,5.0 |
Light from ancient astronomical events. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Non-Baryonic Matter,Matter |
Universe,13.0 |
Type of matter not composed of baryons. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Astrological Fossils,Fossil |
Earth,0.2 |
Ancient astronomical records impacting early civilizations. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Galactic Dynamics,Study |
Cosmology,0.5 |
Analysis of the motion of galaxies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Cosmological Principle,Principle |
Cosmology,10.0 |
Universe is homogeneous and isotropic. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Galactic Winds,Phenomenon |
Galaxies,5.0 |
Outflows of gas from galaxies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Polar Ring Galaxy,Galaxy |
Universe,10.0 |
Galaxy with a ring of stars and gas. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Surrounding Galactic Matter,Matter |
Galaxy,5.0 |
Matter surrounding galaxies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Z-Degree Cosmic |
Measurement,Galaxy |
10.0,Metric for galactic distances." |
NaN |
NaN |
| Photometric Redshift,Measurement |
Universe,5.0 |
Estimate distance based on brightness. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxy |
Galaxy,10.0 |
Galaxy with extraordinary infrared emissions. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Subgiant Star |
Star,Universe |
5.0,Star evolving towards the red giant phase." |
NaN |
NaN |
| Carbon Star |
Star,Universe |
5.0,Star with carbon abundance greater than oxygen." |
NaN |
NaN |
| Faint Blue Galaxy,Galaxy |
Universe,8.0 |
Galaxies that emit predominantly blue light. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Tidal Dwarf Galaxy |
Galaxy |
Universe,8.0 |
Galaxy formed from tidal interactions. |
NaN |
| Secure Data |
Data Type |
Astrophysics |
1.0,Authenticated data in astronomical studies." |
NaN |
| Planetary System Dynamics |
Study |
Astrophysics |
5.0,Study of motion of planets within systems." |
NaN |
| Fossil Universe Record,Record |
Cosmology,13.0 |
History of universe preserved in cosmic structures. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Solar Eclipses,Event |
Earth,0.01 |
Phenomenon of moon blocking solar light. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Dark Matter Research,Field |
Cosmology,7.0 |
Study of the elusive dark matter. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Astrophysical Jets,Jet |
Galaxy,10.0 |
High-speed jets from active galactic nuclei. |
NaN |
NaN |
| X-ray Binaries |
Object |
Universe,5.0 |
Binaries emitting X-rays from accreting matter. |
NaN |
| CZ18, Celestial Object |
Object |
Universe |
10.0,Recently identified celestial body." |
NaN |
| Hubble Space Telescope,Instrument |
Space,5.0 |
Space telescope providing deep-field imaging. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Infrared Survey,Survey |
Universe,4.0 |
Observational survey of galaxies using infrared light. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Astrobiological Studies,Field |
Astrology,1.0 |
Search for life beyond Earth. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Space Physics,Field |
Cosmology,1.0 |
Physics studying particles and interactions in space. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Galactic Cartography,Study |
Cosmology,0.5 |
Mapping celestial objects in the galaxy. |
NaN |
NaN |
| History of Cosmic Understanding |
History |
Cosmology |
3.0,Evolution of cosmological theories." |
NaN |
| Big Bang Theory,Theory |
Cosmology,5.0 |
Leading theory explaining the universe's origin. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Interstellar Travel,Concept |
Science Fiction |
1.0,Theoretical travel between stars." |
NaN |
NaN |
| Relative Mass Standard,Standard |
Astrophysics |
2.0,Method to determine mass relative to another." |
NaN |
NaN |
| Extended Systems,Structure |
Solar System |
4.0,Refers to complex systems in astronomical terms." |
NaN |
NaN |
| Cosmic Evolution,Theory |
Cosmology,10.0 |
Study of changes in the universe over time. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Astrophysical Measurements,Measurement |
Cosmology,5.0 |
Data gathered on celestial bodies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Universal Expansion,Phenomenon |
Universe,7.0 |
Continuous increase in distance between galaxies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Correlation of Variables,Study |
Statistics,1.0 |
Understanding relationships in astronomical data. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Conservation of Angular Momentum,Law |
Physics,5.0 |
Key principle in rotating systems. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Ionic Spectra,Data |
Astrophysics,3.0 |
Used to determine temperatures of stars. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Cosmic Inflation Theory,Theory |
Cosmology,5.0 |
Physical model for rapid universe expansion. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Hyperbolic Trajectories,Path |
Astrophysics,2.0 |
Paths of comets and other celestial bodies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Chemical Evolution,Process |
Universe,4.0 |
Continual changes in the chemical composition of the universe. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Stellar Lifetimes,Measurement |
Astrophysics,1.0 |
Expected life span of various star types. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Astrophysical Measurements,Measurement |
Astrophysics,5.0 |
Techniques for determining properties of stars. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Earth's Fossil Record,Record |
Earth,0.01 |
Sequential history of life on Earth. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Cosmic Dawn,Era |
Universe,10.0 |
Period when the first stars illuminated the universe. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Co-moving Distance,Distance |
Cosmology,5.0 |
Metric for distances considering cosmic expansion. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays,Radiation |
Universe,1.0 |
Unexplained high-energy particles from space. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Chemical Composition of Stars,Data |
Astrophysics,5.0 |
Analysis of elements present in stars. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Multiple Stellar Systems,System |
Universe,3.0 |
Star systems with more than one star. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Heliocentric Model,Model |
Astronomy,5.0 |
Sun is at the center of the solar system. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Stellar Evolution,Process |
Astrophysics,3.0 |
Life cycle of a star from birth to death. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Exoplanet Detection,Method |
Astrophysics,5.0 |
Techniques for identifying planets outside our solar system. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Ancient Galaxies,Galaxy |
Universe,2.0 |
Galaxies that existed in the early universe. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Dark Matter Detection,Method |
Astrophysics,5.0 |
Strategies to identify dark matter. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Star Clusters,Structure |
Milky Way,8.0 |
Gravitationally bound group of stars. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Gaseous Nebulae,Nebula |
Universe,10.0 |
Clouds of gas in space producing stars. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Cosmic Strings,Theory |
Cosmology,10.0 |
Hypothetical topological defects in the universe. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Quasars - most Luminous,Object |
Universe,1.0 |
Among the brightest objects in the universe. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Helium Abundance,Data |
Cosmology,10.0 |
Measurement of helium in stars and galaxies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Astrophysical Phenomena,Phenomenon |
Universe,5.0 |
Any observed occurrence in space. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Integrated Light,Measurement |
Astrophysics,5.0 |
Total light from an astronomical source. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Spectral Type Classification,Method |
Astrophysics,5.0 |
Categorization of stars based on their spectrum. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Intergalactic Medium,Medium |
Universe,10.0 |
Matter that exists in the spaces between galaxies. |
NaN |
NaN |
| First Light Sources,Object |
Cosmology,5.0 |
Emergence of light sources in the universe. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Planetary Formation Theories,Theory |
Cosmology,4.0 |
Explains how planets form around stars. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Quasars - Distance Measurement,Measurement |
Astrophysics,5.0 |
Method for determining distances to quasars. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Large Magellanic Cloud,Galaxy |
Local Group,2.0 |
Dwarf galaxy that is a satellite of the Milky Way. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Discovery of Exoplanets,Event |
Astrophysics,1.0 |
Detecting new planets outside our solar system. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Chemical Enrichment,Process |
Astrophysics,2.0 |
Increase of heavier elements in the universe. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Nucleosynthesis,Process |
Cosmology,1.0 |
Formation of elements in stars. |
NaN |
NaN |
| Variability in Light Curves,Observation |
Astrophysics,3.0 |
Changes in brightness of a celestial object. |
NaN |
NaN |